Fue days i search in russians sites , an found many interesting things. For example in Ukraina Tchernigovsk Museum is exibition "Kiyevskaja Rus" vith this Tatars loks like bow ston arowheads and bone thumbrings(?)
There are strong structural relationships between Tatar quivers and later Tibetan ones. This is true of late Safavid quivers from Iran and the even later Qajar quivers. Since all these cultures were in contact with each other to some degree, this is not surprising.
The Tatars in Russia were in communication with Iran and they also had strong connections with the Mongols back in Central Asia and Mongolia who where regularly dealing with Tibet. In this roundabout fashion, ideas could spread between the various cultures.
Bede
The rings do not appear to be thumb rings.
Gleb
The bone rings does not look like thumbrings.
The bow and the quiver is a late one. Crim-Tartar dated 16-17 c. AD. Might be from from late nomads (Crim Tartars, Nogai), Cherkess of Western Caucasus, Kozaks (Zaporozhje, Don, Russian and Polish Enlisted).
Dusan
Yes i think too. But in museum subscribe- 12-13 th. :? I "hard "working in Russian sites instead of you Gleb :lol: Last time when i use Russian language -its about 20 years ago...
Dusan
New russians book ilustrations vith "new" mongol bow look
I found interesting story about bow from Blagoveschenskij museum.
I try translate some facts (sorry for mi stupid english)
A.R. Artemev
Kagan Gantimur bow.
In 1938 kasak Aleksei Katanaev give like a gift old bow from his grand, grand ....father kagan Gantimur to Blagoveschenskij museum .He talk all history from this very old bow.Gantimur was Evenk kagan. Big person in 16th Amur river region. He was close vith Dulikagir tribe -leader of Evenko-Nelyudy (in 1689 about 5600 person) + many daur slaves in north Amur.Gamntimur have 9 vife vith 30 children.In same year migrate from Mnchuria kagan Tuydochun, Baoday and Vendu.His family migrate from Chan-che river in Manchuria to Russian side close Ingoda river in 1651 .One from famili heritage was this bow vith gorit and Mongol sadle vith silver art work.1684 was Gantimur and his son Katanay christening vith name Peter and son Pavel. In 1693 meetRussian diplomat Izbrant Indesu Gantimuras son Pavel Petrovich Gantimurov . He was commander of 3 000 Tunguz horsarchers vith good horses and best bows .
Bow is very strong 175 cm long, birch wood core, 3 horn strips + 6 horn plates , birch bark cover , handle is covered vith tini loose skin .Bow is asimetrical . Uper siah 8-10 ? angel bigger then lover.In midle 19 th. was bow in Evenks Amur teritory only family artefact but all Evenks have in big finger horn or iron thumbring like simbol of future warior.
The so-called Tochtuia goritos is a pair of bow case covers and what may be a bow case cover inverted and opened out. There are some really beautiful embroidered ones in Russian collections. I think that they were for storing valuable bow cases and quivers. The leather ones in Karlsruhe look more like they were fitted over the bow cases an quivers when worn to protect them from the elements.
There are always problems with modern reconstructions when they are not closely based on the originals. Because some closed quivers only partially survived, several illustrators have reconstructed them without any upper part so that the arrow heads stick up unprotected. Others have taken open quiver designs, reversed them and put the arrows in upside down. These types of illustrations can be misleading if they are believed to be accurate.
Dusan
Old Buryat Bow . Intersting "midle" dizajn betveen Mongol and Turkish vith working kasan part like Koreans bow...
The Manchu origin of this bow is quite clear. The bow is over-reflexed because the sinew has dried out too much. The string bridges are missing, which is common in old bows.
The Mongols in Ulaanbaatar say that the Buryat bow is one of the three classes admitted for the Naadam competition. It is called Buryat "Khagas" ('pony'). The others are Uryankhai "Tomor" ('iron') and Khalkha "Gung" ('Chinese style'). I have never seen an actual Buryat bow. Thanks for the photo. (There is an article on Buryat bows on ATARN http://www.atarn.org/mongolian/buryat_bow_eng.htm . There's some problem with the link to the illustrations. I'll try to fix it.)
S
Gleb
Bede you are right in opinion of modern graphical reconstructions of Medieval archery. There are many so called historical artists who “just hear the bell’s ring but did not see the bell itself”.
Here please take a look at more accurate depiction of Alanic warriors of Khazar Khaganate time (8-10 c. AD). Moschevaya Balka and Gorops river bows attributed to that people and that period. These were made by Oleg Fedorov a well-known and meticulous modern artist. Dusan attached two of his pictures. Some of his works were published abroad (I have seen a French monograph on Khazar Khaganate illustrated by O. Fedorov).
Gleb
# 2
Gleb
# 3
Gleb
Please pay attention to the arrow hold or release in the first picture. It looks something in between secondary, Penobscot and artist fantasy based on Sasanid bowls. Or maybe the artist wrongly depict the Chinese release with the index finger that goes along with the arrow.
Dusan
Gleb nice pics . Maybe i Fedorov is one from mi coleges in Artists Surikov Institut where i study in Moscow 6 years. :lol:
But ... bows looks litle like Grozer laminate bows and arrows have litle high feathers.. 8)
Dusan
Stephen, thanks for your decent word about mi english. Importent is if you understand me. :lol: I know this article about Buryat bows , but 1 time see is better then 10 time read . Its beatiful bow , loks much more better and practicible, then todays touristic"mongols" Nadaam bows.
jack farrell
The man holding the Buryat bow is Taras, the author of the article published here on atarn. That is, I believe also his plan for the bow. Would be nice to hear more about him, what he is working on, how he came by the Buryat bow.
The illustration with the sword (looks like a page from a book) is the same sword as in the Houston Mongol display, the prancing lion sword.
I agree that looking at a bow in person is the best experience. Until then it is good to read about it. -j-
Dusan
Yes , Jack. That plan is from same site , like pics- maybe from Taras. I dont know that he is autor this article. Why , he personali dont send pics to Atarnet ..?
jack farrell
Dusan; Either Stephen or Thomas D or both were in communication with him at one time. All of this was posted here at once. My Russian friend and I hammered out the translation still here on Buryat archery. (I do not speak any Russian).
The Russian maintains that the word translated there as thumb ring really means thimble. -j-
Gleb
Dusan, Jack!
The man with Buryat bow on the picture – owner of this device. Taras Plakhotnichenko is the owner of this site http://archeryring.nm.ru/index.html, and the man who took all the measurements and pictures of this Buryat bow.
Jack, I did not understand who maintained that the word translated there as thumb ring really means thimble? Since the beginning of 17 century (or may be even earlier, I’m not a specialist in this field) in written Russian sources used the term “the ring for the bow shooting”. After Peter the Great (1682-1725) faced Russia to the Western Hemisphere and European culture the art of archery seems to be disappeared very quickly.
The thumbrings that look s as thimbles are found in South Siberia and dated Early Iron Age in so called Tagar culture. Here is the picture. By the way I have seen somewhere in Atarn image archive the same thumbring-thimble.
I understand Jack :D , Slavic language is hard problem from many Anglosas people. In our country is "only" 19 years from last Russian hour in school and this generation young Slovak people have trouble too vith brothers language :cry:
Dusan
I found new traditional bowmaker in Buriatya.Article " Nation of bow and arrowhead"(2007) say about first Buryat who try re-borning this old tradition in Buryatya - Kalmik Dylgyr Cylendorjyev . Kalmik nation have a long tradytion vith bows. Chinas peple coll him (like Koreans ?) Bow and arowhead nation. Last war vith bows and arows was vhen Russian soldiers vith Kalmiks horsearchers attacking in 1812 Paris !
Dylgir angry vhen see in traditio Sur-Chabran national sports meeting see Kalmiks shots vith english or modern European Bows.He have in fathers home old traditional bow and starting teaching how constructin old vay. Nowbody dont know anything. (Like in others conutry or us) He say that his first bow vith plastick strip in horns place (becasue he havent horn) crushit when hi shooting . Today he have 3 finished bows . He say that best wood is birch young wood grow in valley, and only north side .Then wood boiling and dry.Fish glue is imposible buy in Buryatya than he use bone glue...
In 2008 meet in ALTARGAN sports meeting . 175 archers (52 woman) shots in 30 and 40 metres. Only fue of archers have old Klamiks bow.
Hurrah for you guys, doing a good job. Did not know that Buryat archery was alive and well. Note that the horn photo of Taras' bow is grey color. This is Tien Shan Ibex horn.
The "Russian" is my friend, Tartar, Turkmeni, Uzbek translator non archer person.
Dusan
Exaktli, its Ibex horn. I mean that all mongol region bows construct in histori only vith Ibex horns. Cow horns havnt this plastic , reflex qualities .+ Ibex horns have his beutiful curvature. Most of it- you dont need hunting Ibex for horns because in mountins in this time are thousands Ibex . All males in his sexual period fighting vith each other and many of males dy in rocks, fue of them was catched from snow leopard... You must only walking in mountain and salvage horns like mushrooms :lol:
One of mi friends every year tracking in Himalayas and sayd me that near paths in mountains are many bulks from ibex horns building from mountains tribes ... Its terryble i can not buy Ibex horns- its very dear :cry:
Yes, finally I dig iut the pictures form Atarn archive. The same style thumbring-thimble. Do not know the whole story but it looks Tagar culture!
Gleb
Here is the combined picture of Moschevaya Balka wooden quiver drawing and a picture from public exhibition.
Please be aware of metric system scale!
Bede
Just to clear up the concept of thimbles in different languages, Russian is not the only language where the same word is used for thimble, a sewing accessory, is used for an archer's ring. The reason is simple because the two things protect a finger. The thumb is often not separated from other fingers in generic terms. The Persian word angushtvaneh really means finger protector too and is used for both devices.
Turkish is different because zihgir comes from a Persian expression combining the word bowstring zih, with the ending -gir. Shast is sometimes used in several languages (Chagatai Turkish, Persian) and it can just mean thumb as well as archer's ring.
The illustrated objects look more like thimbles than thumb rings, but if they were smaller and you put them on your fingers they would be good for the Mediterranean draw.
Gleb
The Russian work for thimble (in case for device protected finger when working with needle) – “naperstok” (наперсток) and it came from the old word for finger – “perst” (перст).
The only known thumbring depiction in Russian consists of at least two words with preposition: “ring for (archery) shooting”, ?кольцо для стрельбы из лука?.
The philologist might propose that the so long definition for thumbring in Russian means recent introduction of such archery style. The supposition can be right one if somewhere in written sources the other word for thumbring (Russian or borrowed from other languages) will be found.
Here are two pictures of 16 century that might be depicted thumbring shooting or Mongolian release.
Bede
The absence of a word from books is not the same as the absence of the thing itself. Often people writing books are not interested in the technical details of a craft or in the local dialect words used for tools. Sometimes if a word sounds clumsy or foreign, it is ignored too.
Personally, I have seen little evidence for thumb rings in use by Russians in Russia. The few from graves were associated with the Mongol/Qipchaq burials of the 14th-15th century. I referenced one in my article on Early Archers' rings. There is strong evidence from other details of contemporary burials for strong Central Asian and Iranian influence on weapons and equipment. Possibly some was loot from the wars between the Ilkhans of Iran and the Horde of Batu and the rest might have been traded or made by immigrant workers.
The wood block print is certainly late enough for the thumb ring to be used by Russian troops. The other is from the painting of the battle of Orsha. Most of the archers are using a form of the Mediterranean release if examined carefully. However, I spotted some Tatar archers using the thumb draw. I will recheck it tonight. There is no reason that Russian archers would not be using thumb rings at this date.
And some notes:
1. The Kulikovo Pole Museum bow and almost everything there (except archeology finds) are the modern replica made in the late 1990s/
2. The pictures from GIM (State Historical Mus in Moscow). The arrows seems to replica (could not find the final confirmation) but the quiver is the true one.
Dusan!
You find very interesting Mongol (?) birch bark closed quiver (Mongol exposition in Budapest). Is there any additional information or pictures of the spacemen?!
Gleb
The pictures from GIM (State Historical Museum)
Dusan
Oups !I dont know about reconstruction material in Kulikovo pole :lol: But this siah looks interesting :shock: This Budapest pics was from Vijskovo-Istoricheskij fotomuzej-(most of pics) , but only this 2...
Dusan
Todays KING- Ermitaz muzeum - Moscow, Russia- Moshevaya Balka bow vith 2 type goritos. 2 for braced bow and 7 - maybe more for unbraced bow (only 1 was in full size)
The Hermitage Museum located in St. Petersburg (former Leningrad).
Please find the comparison of two Moschevaya Balka bows (the photo images and drawings).
Oops, I could not add any pictures. The server writes: Sorry, you have reached your maximum Upload Quota Limit of 2 MB (but the picture I want to upload is a little bit over 100 Kb). What's the problem?
Dusan
Yes , i am stupid -Ermitage-Petrograd :oops: .Because of this kilobites problem i use free hosting.These drawings is well known her in Atarnet. I think this pics vith highest res. is new.
redhawk
Gleb, you?re right, the Russian archaeologists are closest to those bows and arrows, quivers.................I know they have excavated thousands of archery-related items.
The kulikovo pole bow- seems to be a reconstruction of a Scythian- style design bow?
Where has the original been excavated?
It seems to be wrapped with birch- bark? The sides of the grip seems to be covered with bone- plates?(like the so -called Novgorod bows?)
Maybe you know some more details?
Michael
Dusan
Michael , if it help you , i found resturation master from Tula town , who made this Horse armour reconstruction from Kulikovo Pole muzeum- his name is: Eduard Vladimirovich Pochmelnov, +7910 9430676.
Muzeum sell this intersting katalog
Apart from the top two photographs, I'm afraid the lower photos in the last post might be movie props.
Dusan
Maybe this looks like movie pics , but its another reconstructions from Kulikovo Pole muz. :? Maybe same autor- Pochmelnov :shock: . If i good remember Russian - he have funy name - "pochmelie "is , when you too much alkohol drinking :lol: . Its from word "chmel" -one of beer substancion...
Gleb
Michael,
The Kulikovo Pole bow reconstruction looks roughly and made with inaccuracy for me. It seems to be that they took Novgorod bow and added to construction the bone and deer horn plates occurred so often in steppes. As far as I know this bow does not repeat any of excavated original.
The bow wrapped with birch-bark, the grip and end plate made of bone or deer horn.
That’s all what I know about this bow reconstruction.
Not too much.
redhawk
Thanx a lot, Gleb,
this reconstrution really makes me wonder, cause I?ve been in Novosibirsk(invited by the Russian Academy of Science) for to examine the olon kurin gol- excavations. The Russian archaeologists permitted me to study other excavated parts of bows. They?ve excavated thousands!
But I can?t remember a bow looking like the Kulikovo- bow.
Michael
Gleb
Dusan!
Yes, it’s very interesting quiver for me. How should we name it (maybe orbed-flat bottom closed quiver?). Any additional information on this quiver?
On the second pictures from that Korean museum Taklamakan you posted – the arrows laying on looking-quiver object. May anybody have the better picture&
On the orbed-flat bottom quiver: It’s remind me the quiver depicted on Polovets statues once standing in Russian, Ukrainian and North Caucasus steppes. Please take a look on the new theme on them I opened (only for comfort as in this theme too many pages already).
Dusan
Maybe Thomas D , Stephen or somebody who know more about Korean museums can say more about this pics.
Bede
The third quiver is a Tibetan quiver. There are several in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. They probably include parts that date back to the Yuan Dynasty.
jack farrell
Note the bow on page 3 below the caption; "Uzbek national muzeum, terible if this horsarchers country have only fue bows in museum and more from them are chinese" and the next two after are Hunza from Afghanistasn. This is only one of three I know of.
Two other pics of the quiver in the Silk Road museum in South Korea. A Mongol invasion era archery set like the straitish one now in Houston, can we call it the HMNS bows and arrows as there is absolutley no provenience on the bows. The only difference between this quiver and the HMNS one is the round top on the Houston one and the square top {Now missing ) on the Silk Road one.
jack farrell
There are supposedly plenty more Central Asian bows in storage in Russian museums.
Good comment on Chinese bows though. There ARE more of these in CA museums.
Gleb
Sorry, friends, I've promised to open a new theme on Polovets statues quivers - but my computer catched something in the net and I I to reinstall the system. Hopefully it will takes just few days.
Its found in Aydasinskaya cave near Tchulim river and Achinsk town . 6-500 bc. Russians archeologist give name this cultur from first fond mogylnik near Sargatka village -Sargat cultur.This arrowheads is too from Sargats . Intersting is big diferences - arrows a was 10cm long and b-4cm.
and now same old turkish founds in Yakonur mog.. About this horn plates rus. arche, said that in his shortern long is visivle midle disain betveen Huns stile bows and old turkish stile.
One side of a belt buckle: not a thumb ring, I think.
Dusan
:) I am not author , Stephen. I am only post man . :lol: But looks like posibli version interestin too...
Bede
I agree with Stephen. It maybe one half of a buckle set. Comments on another thread about archaeologists and archery may be relevant here. Sometimes people should really discuss their ideas with someone in the field they are talking about. The pressure to publish sometimes forces people to publish before they can research all their ideas.
Hyarmendacil
Dusan wrote:
reconstruction old turkish horse haevy armour. Vith this big armour can horse only trot.Tail near the horse mouth is mostly against agresive fly.
Why, really? All the information I've read about trotting cataphracts--which, if anything, had heavier horse-armor than this--generally said that the horses trotted not because hey couldn't manage a canter or a gallop, but rather because they were deliberately restrained to the trot for the sake of maintaining the formation.
Dusan
dont kill messenger :lol: this was in original text.
Bede
Dusan,
Sometimes we cannot tell your opinion from what you are quoting. Please do not be offended.
Sometimes people make assumptions about what horses can do based on theory rather than practice. Horses are very strong and different breeds have different levels of endurance. Trotting, as defined in English, was not a gait used by horses in the East. European writers often got confused about these details because they had lost contact with the vocabulary of horse riding. Hungarian writers comment that the major gait used in the east and among horse nomads were the walk, the canter and the gallop. There are descriptions of the pace and the amble, but they are rarer.
Nineteenth century cavalry often used the trot to start a charge so that they could co-ordinate all the troops and keep the lines even.
Dusan
:lol: Thats ok Bede. I only hope that all on this forum understand , that comments on this pics are not mi opinion , but original texts from russians sites.
There are many more very interesting , but very controversial themes(for example , about mongol horse running discusion in russians historical sites , that this horse cant galop(vithout armour) , and call him "walking horse" ???), but i dont want to do this - because mi english.
Bede
Dusan,
Even English authors are arguing about the efficiency on Mongol horses. There is a very interesting article of the battle of Ain Jalut between the Mongols and the Mamelukes which doubts the ability of the horses to do what the histories describe. Like other academic studies, these articles can be the first step in understanding the problem. Someone says something, other people point out what has been missed and new ideas are tested and expanded.
However, there is little point in arguments that descend into insult and declaration (like "It's true because I say so."). Facts are what we need. Armour on horses is a good example. There is a nineteenth century book on cavalry that points out that a horse has more trouble carrying weight in a pack saddle than the same weight in the form of a rider bewcause the rider comes with the advantage of built in springs in his legs. Armour is distributed over the whole of the horse and is probably not equivalent ot a weight carried at a single point. Horses are not machines.
Hyarmendacil
Dusan wrote:
dont kill messenger :lol: this was in original text.
Sorry if I mistook it for your opinion, then. In any case, I'm still a bit surprised about the assertion because the (admittedly few) primary sources I've read never speak of armored horses being unable to trot; rather, they advise the riders to keep the horses from breaking into an outright gallop. The clearest sources for this kind of advice are (if I remember correctly) the Byzantine emperor Leon VI's Taktika--maybe also the earlier Sylloge Taktikon--and Nikephoros Phokas's Peri Paradrome Polemon (I hope I got the title right).
I still need to read quite a bit more about cataphracts further east (and north) than Persia, though.
What's the title of the Ain Jalut article, BTW? Maybe I'll go out and look for that one too.
Stephen Selby
Related to horses used in imperial Mongolian warfare, my personal view is that they are extinct. Modern Mongolian steppe ponies are definitely not what was used. There may be a minor remnant in the Cheju ponies; but they have also reverted.
Interestingly, Chinese traditional animal medicine records that large horses for warfare can only be bred in the presence of a certain type of herb, believed to grow from where the semen of a stag fell to the ground. While the Mongols would provide horses to the Chinese court in tribute, they never let anyone get their hands on the 'magic herb'.
In Odesa numizmatic museum i found interesting(maybe only for me ?) information that Skitas was not only extra archery people , but have arrows like first money !
Dusan Thanks for posting. I also found it interesting that the draws were long as well as all the siyahs in the pictures were also on the "big" side.
Hermitking
I recognize some of these images from a very fine book of color photos of Persian arts and antiquities. Particularly the extreemly bent bows pointed at the lions.
i remember first seeing those photos and they really fired my imagination back in the 90's.
jack farrell
Hunnic type bows, mostly with bone plates on the ears and or grips.
JJ
Jack, I agree that these are basically Hunnic type bows. It is the era of the Hunnic hornbow, which followed the Scythian hornbow type and was followed by the "modern" hornbow types with string bridges (Turkic, Indian, Indo-Persian, Manchu, Korean bows, to name only some of the subtypes). I see no major technical differences between hunnic type and early mongolian type bows.
Purists will refer to some of the depicted bows as Sassanidic bows, others to be byzantine bows. So can someone tell the diffferences in the Hunbow "subcategories"?
JJ
jack farrell
JJ; It is true that one can see the continuity between Hunn bows and early Mongol bows. However the differences are marked. for instance the Hunn bows generally have bone reenforcing plates in the ears and grips whereas in the early Mongol bows, the only remaining bone plate is on the belly of the grip. The ears are also built differently so there is a big technological difference.
To create a successful typology of Hunnic bows, one would need to begin to see similarities in construction techniques. Andrew Hall is the man there. However, correct me if I am wrong, the only two of these bows which seem to belong to the same "school" of bow making would appear to have come from the same grave, the Miran bows, (SRMS) Silk Road Museum Seoul.
Of course by Hunnic bows it is meant a bow whose construction is first associated with Hunnic graves. Turkic bows (your "modern" catagory) were first associated with Turkic tribes of Central Asia; for instance the Uygir bow posted by Serindia, which, if the attribution is correct, would now be the oldest complete bow of this designation.
Dusan
I agree vith you Jack. Hun bows is interesting but from the construction point of vieu are older and les connstruction way than mongol and his construction line cross mughal and turcic tribes. And i think not only construction but bow performance was better(which was close to constructin evolution ).
Another point is , that Hun tribes(Chun-nu) was probably Temudzins tribes ancestors from same area. Both construction variation are from same place. :)
jack farrell
Dusan; Agreed.
JJ
Jack, what are the improvements of the Mongol bow in SRM over the hunnic bows in the same vitrine? Is it less mass because of the missing bone plates? I saw that the mongol bow was considerably longer, too, but I wouldn?t see this as an improvement.
JJ
jack farrell
JJ; Since the one Hunn bow was stouter and shorter than the Mongol bow I would assume that it was the superior weapon. Now we know that that Miran bows had horn side plates so there was probably some slight savings in weight. The tips were also quite thinned down on that bow.
That said the Mongol bow had simpler construction. Simpler construction = more bows = more men with working bows. This is an improvement of a kind.
About the exact details, both bows are copiously published here on atarn and not so long ago so for brevity I recommend finding both original arrticles.
Bede
Because the bows on the plates were used in Sasanian Persia, they have generally been called Sasanian or Sasanid. Somewhere in the letters I copied the dimensions worked out for these bows.
Jack,
When you refer to "Hunnic" bows, which locations for the objects are you talking about? I am a bit confused, since Hunnic is generally used to refer to the European Huns (Attlia and the gang). I agree with your theory of the development of the Mongol bows from non-contact siyah bows. The first good study of it was in a collection of essays, Arts of the Eurasian Steppelands, Colloquies of Art and Archaeology in Asia No. 7, 1977, "Nomadic Archery: Some Observations on Composite Bow Construction", by E. McEwen, pp 188-197.
For your interest, I recently read in a book by Christopher Beckwith that there is a reasonable possibility that the Chinese characters now pronounced as Xiongnu were originally pronounced like an old North Iranian word thought to have been *skuδa. However, it is probably best to read the book itself because he then qualifies this by writing that it could have been several other words belonging with "s" including "sogd". The word originally meant archer and may be the root of Scythian as well. This does not imply that the Xiongnu (Hsiung-nu) were Iranian, only that the founding group of the confederation had Iranian loan words in its vocabulary.
jack farrell
Bede; I do not have any problem with Xiongnu or Hsiung-nu for the Hunnic culture of Central Asia. Indeed most modern writings from the USA describe them as such. There seems to be a political correctness about it.
But since going to Central Asia, all former soviet republics, the norm there is to refer to them as Hunns, or as Chunns, literally with that gutteral sound that Americans do not have, like they say khans. Susan Whitfield lends supporting ancient material to the word Hunns. I have no doubt that the Chinese refered to them as they did/do, but in the Russian and also Turkic sphere, these are Hunns (Chunns).
I cannot in my mind imagine the Hunns referring to themselves as Xiongnu. The Chinese made up names for all the countries with which they were familiar, they still do, which is ok by me but not original or authentic.
Although there is some literature pointing to Saka as the same peoples as Scythians; in the CA sphere, Scythian culture fades out around the second century BCE and the Saka culture replaces it till the 4th or 5th C CE. This is also the period of the Hunns.
Sogdia is a culture within the Saka. It originally was a small number of city states in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan held together by the religion Zoroastrianism and a finesse for Silk Road trade. Sogdia survives as a state within Tajikistan and the word means "Shining". Half of Tajikistan was conquered by Persia. Most of the men were killed and the women married off to the conquerers.
These are just some thoughts. -j-
Andrew Hall
JJ, in answer to an earlier post, here is a brief list of the main Hunnic and derived types. This is based mainly on Russian bone plate finds, with some additional info from the Xinjiang bows, so is limited to showing shows bows with bone reinforcements or ones buried in deserts.
Hunnic Period - 3rd C BC to 5th C AD:
* Classic Hunnic bow - large (60-65"), very asymmetric, with long bone grip side plates, gently curved siyah side plates and optional grip belly plate. Nice examples found at Niya. Note that the bow is widely called the Hunnic bow, and was used by the Xiongnu and Western Huns, but may not have been developed by them and continued in use well after the end of the Xiongnu empire (in its smaller Turkic form, until the 10th C).
* Version with no grip plates - rare in Central Asia but common form used by Roman auxiliaries so found across europe.
* Very wide-limbed more symmetrical type - Intact finds from Xinjiang - width may be desert adaptation. Other symmetrical plates from Kokel, but no evidence on limb widths.
By the end of this period, the bow sizes seem to have dropped to around 45-55". These shorter types are seen in the Sassanian plates (which I believe are mostly 5th-7th C).
Ancient Turkic Period - 6th C - 10th C
An explosion of different versions of the Hunnic bow, most seemingly used in parallel. Rarely enough information to be able to link these types to specific tribal groups or cultures. All variants shorter than early Hunnic bows, start to drop bone plates. Main types:
* Continuation of smaller variant of Hunnic bow with same number of plates - smaller but still asymmetric.
* Variant with grip side plates with no siyah plates. Thought to be symmetrical.
* Variant with grip belly plate only, no siyah plates. This plate evolved into the type used in the medieval Mongolian bow by increasing in length and expanding at the ends into the grip/limb fade.
Jack, I would have thought that the medieval Mongolian types (55-60"?) were shorter than the early Hunnic bow (60-65"+?), but slightly longer than the later ancient Turkic types. The early Hunnic bows with their length and bone siyah plates were probably not very efficient with lighter arrows. I would assume they was more for hitting hard at short range much like the Manchu/Qing bow. Although to counter this, there has been speculation that the Hunnic three-bladed heads were more aerodynamically efficient than the flat later types so better for longer ranges, but this could be an attempt to counter lack of bow efficiency for long range shooting.
Andrew
jack farrell
Andrew; thanks for that great analysis. Erudite as always.
If your last statement is a rhetorical question, all I can say is that we differed on the date of the Miran bows and the known Mongol Empire bows are less than ten, for comparison, and as I remember, one or more is over 60".
To all; The Silk Road foundation web site, in its current issue of its journal, available to view online, features a Xiongnu (their term) burial with bow remains. At the end it is stated that a more in depth article on the subject is forthcoming.
This is an excellent site to discover Central Asian ancient cultures. Hunns are surprising in their grave accouterments.
Asafan
Probably, it not news, but a bone plate on a belly allowed to use short plates of a horn. The ends of plates of strengthening of a belly rested against its ends. In some designs the emphasis was carried out and on poles of lateral plates of a handle.
Andrew Hall
Jack, on checking through my records I would like to revise my previous statement as there is more overlap in lengths than I thought. The intact early Hunnic bows range from 56 to 65" (I had missing the shorter Yingpan M19 bow), averaging roughly 61". Although the Mongolian/Yuan bows range from 55-60", most are at the upper end of the range. I don't know of any significantly over 60" in length though.
I would still expect the Hunnic bows to be worse performers with light arrows due to the tip mass, though the long siyahs and reflex probably stored a lot of energy.
The Miran bows are a puzzle, the siyahs show early constructional techniques and look quite Hunnic (although using horn rather than bone), but the grips are far from the typical Hunnic form. The lack of bone plates means that there are no other remains to compare against.
Asafan, the more reflexed form of the Mongolian bow can use surprisingly short strips of horn due to the long siyahs and bone plate. My Omnogov style bow (very similar to the reflexed Shiluustei sum bow) only uses 13" strips for a 54" bow. You need about 20" strips for a Turkish bow which is significantly shorter.
Dusan
There is litlle/big mechanical diferences, Andrew. This diferences was Turcic( very visible in Korean bow) advantage. WORKING KASAN "EYE" area . This is why you must working vith longer horn plate .
If you have working 1/3 or more kasan part and big reflex vith maximum litwayght material- you have ,more eficience bow. Evan if you shot vith heavier arrows.
I think , that old non working kasan endid in "mughal" period composite bow evolution . Tatar /Osman (Persian ) bows vith his long distance live brothers in Korea is new more efective variation
Maybe this weapon show us new war taktic ?
jbl
Thanks Andrew for the post GREAT STUFF.
Dusan
Interesting article from Dluznevskaya A.G. " Midlle asian horsearcher typologi IX-XII" . She working vith materials from about 160 open graves from 540 kurgans. Very detailed research for ex. arrovheads(all was 3 bladed) :
Veri INTERESTING bone plates from old turcic kurgan ! Its from Chudiakov Yu.S. and Lchvagvasuren.Ch. work in "Zagal" territory in Mongol Altai. Probabli in BILGE KAGAN kurgan was found bone plates from siah and handle. Siahs plates are 12- 14 cm L and 2,5 cm w. Handle plates are 17 cm L , 3,3 cm w. Only fue similar plates was found in Saiano Altai KapchalII - Minusin territory and Iakonur north Altai , but only "Zagal" siahs plates have visible engraver lines for better sinew bond. Good material for reconstruction:
From A.I.Solovieva book "Siberian people armori" . This publication said what wood use Siberian Tribes for bow making :
Nanai - beech
Nivchi - ash, poplar,wilow
Tchilcha - every wood comes fromm sea
Ostiak - birch, pine
Ladies and gentleman , bigest news todays search (maybe at all) ! Its from A.Lepeshko(Sasha) article Tozhe gorod site information about big archeological show in Museum of archelogy Moskva " Kuban tresures" (kuban is not Fidels Cuba , but territory in Ukraina)
Articla sayd that most of this things was first visible in Russia (same time in the world...) .Fantastic wel -preservedPolovets warrior vith his horse and full armored .
But most extraordinery oldest wel -preserved bow vith bone plates and sinew ever i see ! ( from Caucas cave )
Photos with the red background- Kazakh- for sure. A giant Turkic bow. Chinesey arrows.
jbl
Dusan thanks for the pictures. The picture from the Vienna Exposition looks like a Polish Pancerni armor and gear. Overall just great stuff.
Bashqort
jack farrell wrote:
Photos with the red background- Kazakh- for sure. A giant Turkic bow. Chinesey arrows.
why for sure? what about quiver?
PAZUZU
Dusan, turkish bow from Memoire Vladislav Jagiellon III - Varna-Bulgaria is a replica - made in hungary. I talked to curator.
Dusan
Oups...Thats i dont know.Thanks Pazuzu.
jack farrell
Bashqort, The quiver and bow case were the first tip off. The leather work has the design raised by stamping the background. The bowcase is indicative of the type and the quiver is the same. I have pictures of others.
I am no expert on textile design but I have pictures of the reed screen behind the lattice yurt wall. The pole with the hooks is also Kazakh.
What is new is the bow. The only others in their national museum are Chinese import. This is Turkic type. like Tatar, maybe larger. Kazakhs do have their own type arrows which are not like Chinese but like Mongol and Tatar.
I was told by museum types in Central Asia that the Russians removed masses of material to their museums.
I would not be surprised if other Turkic groups had these quivers, bow cases and bows. Why not? Kazakstan is a landmass larger than Western Europe.
Dusan
Jack, what you mean about "Cave bowe " ? Great surprise , isnt it ?
jack farrell
Dusan; I did not write cave bow.
What about the Buryat bow? Where is that place in the post.? The quiver also looks Kazakh.
Dusan
Jack , you dont see pics in page 7 ? This bow from 8 century, vith bone plates i mean.
Dusan, The cave bow on page 7 is the smaller of the two Moshcheveya Balka bows. I believe the bow is in the Krasnador collection (inventory number 5241).
Andrew
Dusan
Thank you Andrew. I read about two bows but never seen second. Anyvay i am lucky that found this pic. :lol:
Dusan
Another "giant" turkish bow. Kevskij muzei - Russia
Bashqort, The quiver and bow case were the first tip
I would not be surprised if other Turkic groups had these quivers, bow cases and bows. Why not? Kazakstan is a landmass larger than Western Europe.
yes, exactly, because we have the same in historic museum in Ufa, capital of Bashkortostan. Usually, nomads had unic things, that never repeat, otherwise it means mass production, thats why i think that this stuff may be chinese origin, we know that kazakhs bought archery equipment from Bukhara, China and from bashkirs, thats why i am interested in origin of these things....ee, in Istanbul, near the panoramic museum in cultural park (outside of walls) you can find copy of this quiver in bashkirian house.
Bashqort
Dusan wrote:
Another "giant" turkish bow. Kevskij muzei - Russia
.
why they wrapped leather on string??
might be that this bow is some kind of mogul (hindistan) origin?
Dusan
Wraping is made by stupid historicians from museum. Maybe see some of magyars modern replicas and think that this wraping looking more "real". :roll:
jack farrell
Bashqort; It is hard to speculate about the origin of things without handling them, which we can hardly do, so theories must do for now. The background that I have seen in Kazakh leatherwork is a group of very small circles in a single stamp punching down the background.
I saw this on items other than quivers. These items look authentic because of the unusual shape. They look just right.
Dusan, you should try to find information about the bows, the Buryat bow and this latest one. Provenience is everything if we are to learn something.
Bashqort, it does have an siyah angle and tip which remind me of Sind. Wish I could read the patterns of the cartouches. Have you seen these before? Maybe in the Grayson collection?
Dusan
Jack, i will try this everytime, but most pics are only ilustration in Museum sites , or fotos from "historician " fun only vith museum name- where he shot pictures. This guys was most interested about metal armory than bows...All what i found around pic i wrigh here.
Dusan
Maybe known drawings , but maybe help vith discusion about handling skitians bows. Here is clearly visible :
Dusan, very interesting pictures, especially Scythian stuff according to Greek art. What's your source? Seems to be a Russian book.
Thanks for sharing.
Jos?Dom
These are supposed to be Amazons
Dusan
Jose, source of this old Greecs vases is from Ukraina and Russians museums- where is many originals archeo findings. Like i wrote - Odysseus scene is from Lukanskij museum of glass art.
jack farrell
Dusan; thankyou greatly for finding these images. I know this took some effort.
Bashqort and all; There are four bows here that are associated with "Kazakh" style quivers:
1.Page 1, Ukraine museum, a long Turkic bow with a straight grip. By enlarging the photo which accompanies the display, the archer is seen to be a Mongol type from the hat, costume and horse gear. This would be early modern, maybe 1700s or so.
2. P. 3, Tula Museum, a Buryat bow, with red background display. late
3. P. 7, Hermitage Museum, with another Buryat type bow, bottom of page.
4. P. 8, St. Petersburg (Hermitage ?) museum, with Kazakh artifacts, a Tatar type bow with reflex grip.
These are all late (as late as 1800s) ethnographically collected artifacts. This Kazakh type quiver would be associated with them and peoples of the larger area. Note that like the Qing Chinese, Afghan Hunza, and Tibetian, it is constructed on a wood frame. -j-
Brilliant thread, Dusan! The russian material is pretty unavaliable to those of us who does not read the language. It can be quite frustrating at times.
Anyway, I just wanted to let you know that your collection is appreciated :)
Dusan
Thank you , Kviljo. I think that Russians was closer to asian history and archery sources than more of us. But some time is questionable if i dont tired Atarns vith all of this ? :D
I found interesting article about heavy mongol horsearcher 13 - 14 c.From V.F.Nemerov.
Iwill try translate some most interesting info. than - please be patient...
Nemerov based his work on very interesting found Mohilas in Eastern Baykal teritory. Mohilas like UNDUGUN, DVORCI, BUDALAN, ZUGMARA in Chilok river or MALAYA KULINDA in Onon river.
In every of this Moh. was found heavy armoured horsearcher - not like usuali historians thinks that based mongol hosearcher was light warrior .
Most interestinf found was mongol bow in ZUGMARA Moh. in Chilok river. Best say- no bow but only his original squeeze ! Only bone hamdle plate was in right place , but from this fakt we can say that mongol bow was no more than 120 cm long !
Bone plate was 18cm long and his ends was 2,5 - 2,7 cm wide.
Another interesting information was about second bow tipe from Eastern Baykal- tunguz bow. This is two wood long bow who was use in many variation in north siberian tribes from Siberia to Finlandia.
Nemerov tolked about ?Tunguz Bow? who used (чжурчжен) Tchurdjen tribe who live north Baykal teritory. This Tchurdjen tribes live near mongol and turcic tribes and close cooperated .Chines historicians sources talked about this etnonimum like ? mongolo tatar WILD DA-DA . In fact - 46 Tchurdjen ?brigade? fighting vith others tribes in 1213 in Mongol army. Its more than probability that Tchurdjens shoot vith his bows !
Arrows in Moh., was from wilov, birch or fir tree. Cilindrical form 0,8 cm . Feathers are from eagle, vulture, voodpecker, goose.
In quiver has every archer little file for arrowheads sharpening. Mongols use poison arrros . two poison name was known.
ESCHE MOCHE -poison from tree and MOGAIN CHORON- poison from snake. Snake poison was dryed and next mix vith water .
Litlle mongol archer dictionary :
Nomo- bow
Nomon Ochor - string
Ude chomon - feathers
Chaadak- quiver for bow
Tumer bulsu- arrow
Chegenyg - quiver
Modon eshe - wood for arrow
Bone plates from Kudinda Mogilnik 18cm long and 2,5 -2,7 wide in the ends :
once i post one of these thumbrigs, but only now i know that this thums are from Golden Hords founds-14 c. first thumbrings from mongol era what i see !
Dusan-again thanks for all the research and posting of the pictures. I really like the different yet similar styles all the Eastern European/Asian warriors had in bows and tackle. I really found the bow from Poland quite interesting it almost appears to be a reflex/deflex recurve/longbow of modern bowyers.
Jos?Dom
This is one of the best threads I remember!
It's especially of my interest a picture from the Topkapi Museum where you can see a fully decorated arrow. I don't think I have seen a Turkish arrow decorated from nock to point as this sample.
Dusan
Thank you guys. Theoretical discusions are good, but i think one picture say more than 10 text pages ... :lol:
Dusan
If yu like painting arrows, Jose- this is from Wiena.
interesting design variation on turkish stil bow - looks mostly like wood reflex bow (maybe bad modern rekonstruction ?) ?Krakow
jbl wrote:
I really found the bow from Poland quite interesting it almost appears to be a reflex/deflex recurve/longbow of modern bowyers.
The bow (the picture on the former page of this thread) you were referring to is most probably the bow displayed in the Czartoryscy Musem, Krak?w, it is not a reconstruction, I think it was made in Lwow but I?m not sure. The bow is actually a bit of mystery still to be solved, there are some metal (brass/copper) fittings present at the handle and below the siyah, the bow is covered in sewed-on leather between the ears so the bow?s construction, whether it incorporates horn or not is not known. It would be really interesting to see what it?s made of, but it would be difficult to get the bow examined. The amount of set could mean a wooden belly, such sinew backed bows without horn could be used in the past in Poland, but there is no hard evidence.
I was just about to visit the museum with a couple of other people to have a closer look at the bow but the museum just got closed for a longer period of time. The good point is that they should be doing some conservation on the artifacts so if they happen to treat the archery stuff as well maybe there would be a chance to find out something more. Let?s see.
Dusan
This is challenge for you - or another archer fun who live closer Krakow. One must start frienship vith people from museum - restaurator is best choice- some drinks in restaurant :lol: . This way is better to close -personaly examination.
I was do this new friendships fue times vith succesful in Slowak museums. 8)
jbl
I know from reading that the Huns had two bows one for war and one for hunting. Is it possible that the bow from the museum in Poland is an example of a "hunting" bow used by the Rusyns? The reason why I say Rusyn is because you believe it was made in Lvov; which was part of Ruthenia.
Bede
JBL,
Do you recall where you found that information on the Huns?
The first picture is often referred to as a Mongol soldier. The first time I recall it is in a book called The Mongols by E.D. Phillips in the late 1960s published by Thames and Hudson. This was generally a good book for its time, but included this mislabelled illustration.
A close look shows it to be the famous Chinese general Guanyu holding his equally famous halberd (reclining moon knife) in one hand and stroking his beard with the other. Due to various attempts to reconcile this picture with the descriptions of Mongol soldiers, he is variously described as holding a sword and having a spear over his shoulder. Actually they are the same thing, a long handled broad-bladed slashing weapon.
As good to look at as these illustrations are to look at, I wonder if the others in the series, Subetei, Batu Khan and Mongke Khan are equally mislabelled. There is one of Chinggis Khan that does look like the other portraits of him so possibly they are correct.
jbl
Bede in Helfen's "World of the Huns". He goes into great detail on the composite bow and his belief that they had one for hunting and one for war. Other authors have of course used him as a source when they bring the issue up.
Orda Khan
Too many illustrations are painted after the fact, some by quite some time. Relying on an artists impression for accuracy is very limited.
Bede, judging by Subedei's description as a 'large' person, I would have equal doubt over that second drawing as well.
Dusan
Orda i agree vith you (about artists), but i must plead for old artists, because i am one ofthem . If i can say from mi experiences , i always try all facts what i can found about picture what i painting . Every detail is for me importantand. Evan if i painting somthing what i know from real live around me (like cars, or bicykles ) i buy car or bike catalogs for maximum reality... Remember scytians bows. We know only pictures from old artists. Some years ago we talked about this bow that this is mosrly artists fantasy... and today we have extraordinary save real archeologists founds -punktualy to the small detail like old pics !
Dusan
I will try to translate one interesting bow found in North Altai:
J.Chudiakov, A.V.Ebel,V.A.Kotcheev, - (Institut archeologii SO RAN )
Bow and arrows from grave in Kam-Tytugen lake - North Altai.
In Sayano Altai region was found in many graves from 500c Tashtin and Minusin kultur many bows. But many of this bowas was in bad kondition (1).About some of this we can say how he looks. Tashtin bows was composite vith very reflexed bending part and siahs in angle
In Oglachtinsk mohyla was found wood bow model in quiver vith 5 arrows. Similar bow models was found in Kokev cultur graves inTuva ).Fragments of arrows model and bending parts was found in mohyla Kara -Dash .In Bulan- Kobun and Kok-Pashk cultur was found bone plates (7). Composite bows in this Huno-Sarmat time was some diferent tipes .
Most save bows founds for good reconstruction was from mumifi graves in Kam-Tytugen river cave in Kosh Agathch region Altai republik.
This very interesting cave was found some years ago by Kokorya village schoolboys. Cave was in very hard rocks place. All founds was placed and showed in Kokorya school museum.
Between thid founds was better save bending midle part of bow vith handle. Hamdle is from twoo wood frames who was glued vith pegs (!) In Handle was glued from both sides two bone plates.Handle was 28 cm long . Save bending part was 14 cm L, 6,5cm W.
A.I.Semenov sayd that all wood parts was from poplar (?) and in all parts was glued sinew layer./1.5,6/ Horn plate was save in 23 cm L - 6,5 cm W. Another save part from bow was siah bone plates. One is from 2 parts
45 cm L, second 35 cm L, 2 cm W. Its hard to say if this bone plates was from same siah or diferent siahs . Another bone plates was no found , but maybe schoolboys and his next helpers - teachers dont see another...
(Profesional-archeologist -Semenov , Chudiakov, research only founds in schoolmuseum, because people from Kokorya dont remember vhere the cave was...) From long bone siahs plates Semenov think that bow was about 2 metres long (?)Similar bow was from Kushano- sasanidan cultur. In Sayano -Altai region this tipe of bows was Hunic culture influence. Kam-tytugemsk bow was very similar vith Kok- Pashskij bows , where found longer siahs bone plates. 6 arrows was found. Arrows are cilindrical desin, vith sort bark plate glued near the end.75 cm L 1cm W, from birch wood.Arrows was painting vith red , black and white color.Some iron arrowheads was found but wasnt restauration and vith the time all was corrode... Some arrows have horn whistling heads. One was save. A.Semenov think that this bow was tipical weapon in Hunic etnogenez period.
I was translate only most important parts from text.
Dusan
Interesting news :
Tchingischan mohyla must be somwhere in Tuva region
New Russian archeologist expedition ? Bear spirit? was sacred with mongol shaman. Historian doktor Nikolai Abaev sayd that Tchingischan mohyla was in 90 % in Tuva region because here live Tuvin tribes - earlier known like Urianchai tribes - and this is Tchingis family tribe.
Russians historicians thinks that Temudzin family region was in North -west Mongolia near Chubsugul lake (wher live etnic Tuvinians) or in Sayano-Altay region - todays Tuvin region.
Tuvins epos sayd that temudizin mohyla place was guard from 1000 warriors, from Urianchai tribe. This job was primarly for all this Urianchai warriors and he cant go to the war. Only defense mohyla place. But vith the time place and people who know about this was gone...
In same time Russian television dokumentarists work in same thema. Shaman sacred all this vit ?eagle song? . All team starting from Tuvins Kungurtug village where is ?Tsars lowlands? - skitas kurgans. In Kingurtug village was some time ago found Tchingischans march kettle.
from ?Vesti.Ru
Ashbow
Thanks for the encouragement Dusan :wink:, we should be meeting with few archers in Krak?w soon anyway, I should know soon if we can came up with anything in that matter. They closed the museum temporarily partly because they want to improve on the exhibition, they also want to make the artifacts? labels more informative so maybe there will be some chance to get some more attention to the archery ware.
Jbl, the ?Polish? bow is said to be made in the 17th cent. if I?m not mistaken. I have no clue whether it could be a hunting bow, perhaps a heavily used or left strung for a long time cavalry bow?
Bede
JBL,
I have that book.Maenchen-Helfen was a thorough researcher and much of what he wrote is still valid.
The section on war bows is speculation as he admits.
The bow of the Huns discussed on the following pages was a war bow, as presumably most bows in burials were; they lay in the graves of warriors. About the hunting bows of the Huns we have no information, but that they were different from the war bow is practically certain.The Huns could not have hunted ducks and foxes with their precious composite bows. War bows and hunting bows were often as different as rifles and shotguns.
He details the season for his conclusions, but they are based on non-Hunnish depictions on stela in Panticapaeum in the Crimea.
Undoubtedly he is right about the value of composite bows but he infers that they had profession bowyers, which has not yet been proved. More likely is the assertion that most adult men could make a bow of sorts and some men were particularly skilled and traded bows to whomever could afford them.
If I wanted a duck dinner, I doubt that I would go home to get a hunting bow if I had my war bow with me.
Dusan,
Regarding the problems that artist had: we all agree that they were doing their best. It is our job to discover the information in the art.
Subedei's weight has generated some very funny stories. There is a historical novel written by Cecilia Holland called Until the Sun Falls about Subedei's campaign in the West. It has some echoes of Gogol's Taras Bulba, but it is a subtle look at the Mongols and their attitudes to the West. It is not completely historical, but an interesting book to read for pleasure.
Ashbow makes sense if it had been strung for along time. Either way it is interesting and as it was made in the 17th Century it is Polish as it was made during the time of the Commonwealth. Maybe a Pancerni bow. I love looking at these old weapons wishing they could actually talk because the stories they could tell would just be amazing.
Dusan
another art pics. Mongol army heavy armoured officer- based from founds:
Director-Jakut
2 director-Buriat
director of war scenes-kaskaders-China
Producers-Mongols, Buriats....
jbl
Is that a sequel to "Mongol"?
Dusan
No new moovie.
KenH
Dusan - "interesting bow" does not look like Holmg?rd to me. Instead looks like M?llegabet design from 7000 years ago in Denmark.
Holmg?rd design does not have distinct shoulders and the tips are working parts of the bow. M?llegabet design has nearly flat working inner limbs with sharp shoulders to the handle and to the stiff non-working tips which are nearly flat in the other plane.
There have been several Holmg?rd design bows found in archaeological digs, but only one M?llegabet. Some think it was a "youth bow" because it was only 48 inches long and 1-1/4 inches wide. I have a replica that is one piece of elm, a friend made it for me, which draws 43# @ 27 inches.
The M?llegabet appears to be the oldest rigid tip bow design discovered.
Because I am studying the M?llegabet design and other things Neolithic, I would like to know more about that particular museum exhibit... where they found the bow, what age was the site, who made the replica (or is that the original), etc.
Dusan
Thats sound new for me, Ken. I dont know nothing about Mollegabet bow. Can you post some pics ? I know only about Holmegard and his "new flyt " disain vith no working ends. Or this is , like you say Mollegabet stile ?
This bow was in KULIKOVO POLE museum Russia Who stay in Kulikovo Pole (Kulikov-its like sombodys name-pole was -field), place where was biggest battle between Golden Horde and Russians near Don river - tudays Tula region.
Bow looks like original , but we knows from Gleb , that many exponats was modern reconstruction based on founds...(?)I like this bow , becose its for me like midle disain in Bow evolution to composites - cros siberians twoo wood bows -of course.
Dusan
well, i was little search in net and know somthing about Mollegabet bow. Very interesting. All this people who cal his bows" Holmegard " can change this name :)
This funny bows arnt from Grozer , or korean masters ... Some mongols moovie bowmakers :) ?
KenH
Hi Dusan. Since you did some searching and may have seen these images:
Here is a photo of a recovered Holmg?rd bow. Notice the more or less normal taper from the handle fades to the tips. [external image]
And here's a sketch of the recovered M?llegabet. Notice the distinct shoulders, which the Holmg?rd does not have: [external image]
Dusan
Thank you , Ken. I search this info in Paleoplanet and some archeologist report from Dania (but in danish... :shock: ) I understand all diferences. Bow in Kulikovo field museum looks like sinewed/understable if you see his no more than 130cm L/, but this dont changed his interesting disain.Somwhere back in this thread, if i dont mistake i post contact in Kulikovo Pole/field/ museum. You can try asked more ...
Andrzej Abratowski
This topic is crazy and we are madman
I'm back to the ATARNet after longer time and try to grasp it
I'm finished with terrible headache, no I'm not finished, I'm dead
KenH
Thanks Dusan; I'll see if I can find the museum contact information.
Dusan
Interesting found -mongol Whistling metal arrowheads :
When i more and more read Russian articles about north Siberia tribes and Mongols its clerle show , that Mongols (or tribes what we "cal" Mongols) was closer to Siberian "tungus, Jakuts , Tchukchas" tribes than i thinking .
Tunguz hunter 18c. draw :
Travel department of the State Museum of Military History and Natural Preserve ?Kulikovo Polye?.
Address: 47 Lenin ave., Russia.
zip: 300041
The Museum and Exhibition Center ?Tula Antiquities?.
Tel/fax: +7 (4872) 36-28-34.
E-mail:[email protected]
The Red Hill Museum-Memorial Complex.
Address: Ivanovka village, Kurkino district, Tula region, Russia
Zip: 301949
Tel.: +7 (4872) 36-28-34
The Museum-Memorial Complex in Monastirshchino village.
Address: Monastirshchino village, Kimovsk district, Tula region, Russia
Zip: 301744
Tel.: +7 (4872) 36-28-34
The Museum of Russian Merchants? History.
Address: 8 Kimovskaya st., Epifan village, Kimovsk district, Tula region, Russia
Zip: 301740
Tel.: +7 (4872) 36-28-34, +7 (48735) 7-22-65.
The Museum and Exhibition Center ?Tula Antiquities?.
Address: 47 Lenin ave., Tula, 300041 Russia
Zip: 300041
Tel/Fax: +7 (4872) 36-28-34, 36-16-63.
The rectangular chisel point with barbs, in the Bashkir collection, is interesting. The only other one I have seen is in a collection in Korea. Have always assumed that the purpose of a chisel point is to do great damage and fall out allowing for great bleeding. The barbs would interfere with this theory. Any ideas?
Bashkir tall hats are equal to those of the Kazakhs.
Dusan
With the question about tall hats i will be look more in the history , Jack . Maybe to the skitas tall hats :wink: . Interesting long tradition - like love to hornbows ...
Dusan, I think these photos are from the American Museum of Natural History, Division of Anthropology. They have databases of their collections including photographs available here: http://research.amnh.org/anthropology/d ... ollections
Andrew
Dusan
Thank you Andrew. Great museum collection.
Andrew Hall
The database of the Simon Archery Collection at Manchester Museum is available here: http://emu.man.ac.uk/mmcustom/SArchQuery.php
Most of the bows have a photo (640x480), though the descriptions can be a bit lacking.
Andrew
Dusan
Ouuuu, man ! Andrew thats bows thrasure ! Thank you very much !
Dusan
I jumb again in Russian sites. I think i found very interesting pics. Like many others mi founds its no only "Russia" - i hope Ukrainas, Lituanias ,Latvians, Tadziks , Kirgiz, Turkmens and others dont angry to me.All is thanks russian language...
Now i "hunting" in Gruzia /Georgia/sites. And bingo ! Very small budget information , but info. said -archeologs founds in Svaneti region of Gruzia 2 old composite bows from 12-13 c.(!) in very good condition. Probably from Mongol empire period. Fantastic bows. Looks to me like Hunic stile , but litlle more like indopersian feeling.
Svaneti people was very interesting tribe from Gruzia teritory vith diferent language and kultural basic. In Svaneti museum i see fantastic bow- who was probably modern reconstruction of these 2 old bows . Anyway very good looking reconstruction.
I will try more info . about these 2 but unfortunately ...nothing .
In Svaneti folklor was some poems about mongol period. Best Svaneti wariors was like personal dzingis chan guard...
+ some pics from Gruzin folklor group showing gruzins traditional fight techniks - include - archery. I dont know from what sources he reconstructed his bows- but interesting.Its good see that sombody can show his cultur vithout Grozer or Kassay laminate bows...
That find from Svaneti looks like "split-limb" design... Or have two identical bows been bound together in the middle? Is Gruzia in Georgia?
JJ
Dusan
Yes , sorry - Gruzia is Georgia ... Loks like one bow vith two arms -but its 2 bows .
redhawk
Split- limb and asymmetrical?
Michael
Dusan
I try login in some russian sites and ask about Georgian bows - but no answer to this time.Yes ,bow loks asimetrical for me too.
Zoran Pavlovic
I am very curious about ''white bow'' that guy at pic.5 draws.Judging by its short form it looks like Cuman type bow from some Gruzian frescoes and an medieval depiction from Slovakia.Though unstrung, it couldn't have deeper, set back handle and seems to be assymetrical in its form. :?
Dusan
New bow hamdle bones details from Ienisei graves mohylas- Monashka. (old turcic tribes)Here is clearle visible bow near the body skelet.
doesnt that painting look more like egyptian or assyrian bow ?
Dusan
:D yes.
Stephen Selby
From China, 10-11 c CE.
Bede
If you see an enlargement of the Hercules figure with the bow you will realise that it is actually a very good drawing of a Scythian style bow with uneven limbs. The Greek vase painters knew about foreshortening even if they rarely used it.
For many years, until the discovery of the bows in Xinjiang, people thought the vase painters were either confused by perspective or painting bows that had gone out shape because of poor storage.
Because Hercules' hand is on the grip, the set-back is not emphasised, but if you can look closely you will see it.
Dusan
You are right Bede. Its again skitian bow. :)
Uli
oops indeed :shock:
thats even more interesting
Dusan
Interesting Youtube video about Buriat traditional bowmaster Basagadar Batoszargalov:
Interesting article from russian archeologists about burial bows from Enisei river basen. i know - maybe very profesional text, but maybe some people interested./sorry but only google translator text- its too big for me ...)
Later bows Middle Yenisei
Nechiporenko VN, Pankin SV Skobelev SG
PRINTABLE
Work performed under the grant of RFH № 01-01-00289a
Later Middle Ages (from the end of the XIII century. And before the arrival of the Russian people at the beginning of the XVII century.) Until recently, seemed completely unexplored, "dark period" in the history of the peoples inhabiting the territory of the middle basin of the Yenisei and adjacent to it. In studying the material and spiritual culture of the region's population, has long been a center for the development of bright archaeological cultures, often widely circulated in Siberia and Central Asia, there was a significant gap between the quite fully the culture of the Yenisei Kyrgyz, and dependent on them, basically, inoetnichnyh groups (" Kyshtym ?) VI - XIII centuries. and known according to written sources, culture, ancestors of the modern period Khakases ethnographic present. For VI - XIII centuries. good results of the study of history and culture of local ethnic formations due to a large number of the investigated archaeological sites (primarily funerary character) as the Yenisei Kyrgyz, andnekyrgyzskogo population, as well as the presence of some of the data written sources. For the last decades of the late medieval and early modern times (especially in the second quarter of the XVII century.) Characterized by the presence of a large number of written sources - both Russian and foreign (especially Western Europe and the Manchu-Chinese), messages travel and ethnographic evidence . However, archaeological sources, this time we know very little else. These materials in combination do not yet allow adequately cover all the features of historical and cultural development of the region in the XVII - XVIII centuries. and in some later time.
However, during the XIV - the beginning of the XVII century. Even compared with this time, looks even more unexplored stage in the history of the region. Doubtless a significant population decline during the establishment here of the Mongol domination in the XIII century. Which led to another and a corresponding decrease in the number of archaeological sites, the almost complete absence of ethnographic data and information, written sources, as well as a certain disregard for researchers, archaeologists of the late Middle Ages in the region, occurred until the last decades, have played a negative role in the study of history and culture of the population Khakass-Minusinsk Basin and adjacent areas in the XIV - the beginning of XVII century. Meanwhile, this period represents one of the most important links in the chain of cultural-historical development that led eventually to the formation of a number of peoples of Southern Siberia, in particular, Khakassia. In connection with the realization of high scientific significance of the problem to solve this problem, recently some researchers have taken some steps to organize such a study, which yielded positive results.
Carried out at the last few years archaeological research focused culture of ancestors of one of the largest indigenous peoples of Southern Siberia - Khakas, including by research teams from Novosibirsk, allowed to save up to date, some interesting material on the history of the population Khakass-Minusinsk Basin and adjacent territories in the late Middle Ages and early modern period (XIV - XVIII centuries).. Compilation of previously used methods, a comparison of material monuments of XVII - XVIII centuries. with the material culture of the Yenisei Kyrgyz, and dependent upon the ethnic groups I - beginning of II millennium, to compare the data of ethnography XVII - XIX centuries. with a particular archaeological material (as monuments XIV - XVII centuries. and monuments IX - XIII cc.) should lead us to a deeper understanding of the history of the region and help solve many questions. In particular, this way you can trace the evolution of certain categories of archaeological finds, for example, to identify ways of firearms ranged from local population.
To date, already held initial typology of bows, known in the monuments of the indigenous population of the region II millennium. er. (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001, pp. 53-54). However, in this paper, where the bulk of the material used is of the first half of II millennium. er. do not include some of the recently discovered later bows and their components. Besides, has not yet been identified features characteristic of the end products of the Late Middle Ages - the beginning of a new time. Also required to clarify some details of the investigation and typology of this type of small arms ranged.
The purpose of this study - the study of one of the most notable phenomena of the material culture of the immediate ancestors of Khakassia (Yenisei Kyrgyz people and their former Kyshtym) at the end of the late medieval and early modern times, namely, the development of a single type of shooting their own guns ranged at the time - bows. This study, based on comparisons of the results with the data pre-Mongolian time will clarify the typology of late-bows, as well as to identify ways of construction of the bows in the preceding "dark period", which is due to the weak of exploration chronological affiliation relevant archaeological inventory is difficult to attribute any of existing materials.
The main base for the writing of the steel materials of archeological field isssledovany Late last year, and still later monuments, primarily conducted archaeological detachment of the Novosibirsk State University (tombs of nuns and high, single burial Solontsi in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe areas, burial Chegerak I Minusinsk Basin in the north , Sayan jail in southern Minusinsk depression). In addition, we used materials from the excavations of later monuments, carried out in the south of Khakassia in different years, A.N. Lipsky (represented in museum collections Abakan).
The vast majority of the sources come from archaeological fullknown complexes, has unquestionably dating and often enough - a certain ethnicity. We have already carried out the definition of ethno-cultural and chronological affiliation burial nun and High, as well as a single burial Solontsi (Skobelev SG, 1991, pp. 138-158). Established that on several grounds, including the availability of items of Russian origin (including a silver coin, "flake? XVII century.), These objects may date the end of the XVI - the beginning of the XVIII century. and relate to lived then mixed in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe region Kachintsam and arintsam. In general, together with other closely spaced similar objects cemeteries and single burials shot, Birch and Badalyk, they correspond to what is reported on the funeral rites and Kachintsev Arintsev in the Krasnoyarsk region in the 30-ies. XVIII century. S.P.Krasheninnikov (Krasheninnikov, SP, 1966, pp. 61). With respect to the materials from the area of Sayan prison, located near the exit from the West of the Yenisei-Sayan canyon, we can confidently say that they date from the XVIII century. and can belong to the Russian Cossacks, mostly natives of the Krasnoyarsk fortress, and "the serving people" from among local residents - mostly koybalam. Detailed studies of chronology and ethnicity burials excavated AN Lipsky, as well as burial Chegerak I, not yet been made.
Burial nun and High, as well as a single burial Solontsi are on the left bank. Kacha (Kacha - left tributary of the Yenisei River), a 15.9 km from where it flows into the Yenisei, in Omelyanivske district of Krasnoyarsk region. Late burial objects nun (8 burials in ritual burials) were placed fairly close to a small area (sepulchral box 7h25 m), on a gentle slope from the saddle between two mountain peaks nun, towering over the northern outskirts. Drokin. Mount nun - one of the most notable objects of the landscape in the area. Burial area sodded and covered with low grass, individual clumps of wormwood and orpin. Most objects in the repository high (11 out of 12), located a few miles downstream, are fairly freely on a flattened top, the tall, towering over a broad floodplain. Kacha southeast with. Drokin, one of the burials and burial grounds located on ridges of the eastern slope of the mountain. Burials of the burial rites performed at burials and trupoobozhzheniya on the spot. Gore High - also one of the most prominent objects of the local landscape in the valley. Kacha south-east of sec. Drokin. Burial area intensively sodded and covered quite a thick grasses. Single burial Solontsi performed according to the rite with a partial trupoobozhzheniem burials on the site, located at the top of a nameless high mountains near the north-western outskirts. Solontsi, on ridges of the southwestern slope. Surface burial intensively sodded and covered with thick grasses. Locals no information about the existence of graves in the vicinity of villages and Drokin Solontsi do not have, though. Drokin has existed for over 300 years.
Burial of these burial grounds, as a rule, are much turf, flat solid embankment, outline irregular in shape, usually of small fragments of sandstone slabs and rubble mergelevogo, height is usually about 0,1-0,15 m above the surrounding surface. Maximum height is most often traced to the center of the mound and only occasionally - the crest of the ring, laying the outline. Sometimes the outer surface of the burial did not stand out and were only discovered through the application of the method of continuous excavation. Usually directly under the mounds in shallow pits were funerary structures, made with extensive use of wood. This could be either entirely grobovischa with side, end walls, bottom and lid (or cover) and their individual parts. But despite the differences in design, all burials clearly belong to one culture and may date very close time.
Remains of bows or parts were found in the graves number 2 and number 8 burial nun (Fig. 1-2), in their graves № 1-3 (Fig. 3-6) High burial, as well as in single graves Solontsi (Fig. 7 ).
Under the bulk grave number 2 the repository was nun funeral facility in the form of overlapping holes arranged in a series of short trunks of pine stumps neoshkurennyh 0,1-0,15 m thick, apparently relying once on the edge of this pit. Tree heavily decayed, and all construction sagged. Lateral walls of the timber was not available and stumps of tree trunks were lying on the bloated sides soil layer under which there is the very backbone. In this case, the ends of logs, relying on the edge of the pit, turned out to lie higher than the middle of this overlap, indicating that the duration of the process of dislodging the soil into the grave pit. Skeleton was lying on his back stretched his head to the west-southwest. At its head were found details headdress, who had, apparently, a cylindrical shape (frame made of birch bark with the remnants of the skin in black). To the left of the buried almost the entire length of the core (terminal pads located at the level of the frontal bone and the foot) were the remnants of a bow in the bark winding-pasting with horn and bone parts. Buried was laid directly on the clay bottom of the pit (traces of wood or bark underneath is not marked). Unfortunately, any specific signs of improved dating this burial can not be held (Skobelev SG, 1985, pp. 12-13). Scarcity of funeral goods makes it difficult to self-dating, and in this case we are forced to carry her through the dating of other burials in the burial ground, containing, as shown by the excavations, a much larger number of things with a well-defined time of their existence. In this case, grave number 2 is probably the earliest in the composition of the burial ground.
We are interested bow lying on the bottom of the hole along the core, almost repeating his form of the line the left side was buried (Fig. 1). Any significant irregularities in the arrangement of both bones, and remnants of a bow, not traced. Apparently, all remaining parts of onions were in a natural position. Although the wooden parts had almost completely disintegrated, the line of the body of archery is well traced by the remnants of bark winding-pasting. The product takes the form of highly elongated letter S. Its total length - 1,4 m (without bending). Found a few horny plates. The central one - is a massive vesloobrazny object is in the middle of the body (Fig. 9, 4). Fixed in place as the two end-liner with a longitudinal section of a wedge-shaped cutouts and fixing stringer (Fig. 8, 1, Fig. 9, 8) and five shoulder pads (Fig. 8, 2-3; Fig. 9, 5 -7). All these details very carefully made from the horns (they have regular shapes and high quality surface treatment). However, selected parts of the shoulder pads significantly affected by the expansion of the horns in the burial (Fig. 8, 3, Fig. 9, 5). Some of the shoulder pads on the back side has a continuous shallow diamond hatching (7.6 lining of the lower arm of onion); shading on the back of one of the plates shown in the figure (Fig. 9, 6). One of the shoulder pads (pad 3 of the upper arm of a bow) is a continuous shallow cross-hatching in the form of lines and intersecting the surface lining at an angle to the long sides. The middle part of the back side of the central vesloobraznoy lining is covered with hatching in the form of parallel lines, reaching an angle to the long sides of the subject. Hatching is often done very casually (the line curves, the distance between them varies, the depth of the strokes are different). Probably, this work was performed by procherchivaniya flat surface with the tip of a sharp instrument (probably a knife). Hatch was applied explicitly to ensure better bonding with a wooden base, given that it is always located on the back (flattened) side of the horn parts. The front side of all plates smooth, carefully crafted. End-liners do not have a hatch. Interestingly, the number plates of the upper arm of a bow (facing the human head) is less than the number plates of the lower
shoulder (facing the feet). But the total length of the upper parts (Fig. 8, 2-3) and lower arms (Fig. 9, 5-7), approximately the same. Surviving the ends of the shoulder pads have a smooth edge that was done, apparently, for sure the joint between them. With central vesloobraznoy plate shoulder pads are not directly docked, being a prominent distance from it. Tree species, which is used for manufacturing base, could not be established. Only within individual sections of bark winding-pasting, which was part of the body is covered with onions, remained weak remnants of wood fibers. Thus, it is a typical example of Compound bow.
Restoring its structure can be noted that the basis of onions were wooden parts that are almost all of their area were secured, apparently with glue strong horny plates. Judging by the fact that the bow was lying notches to secure the bowstring, aimed in the opposite direction of the deceased, may be considered internal to the request skeleton part. Thus, the side plates had to be located on the inner side of the shoulder parts of the product (in its sweep was clearly seen that they are all in the line of bark residues were winding-pasting from the core). Long pads on both shoulders onions were in a position perpendicular to the prone position on the flat sides of the terminal inserts. Central vesloobraznaya pad was also attached to the inner side of kibiti. The entire surface of the product externally, in part, on top of lining on the inside and completely over the lower parts of the terminal inserts, which, like the edge of the wedge were in a wooden base and is likely to rigidly fixed ends, has been carefully glued strips of thin-layer of birch bark, which evidently partly helped fix the design and created her some extra strength and elasticity. Another purpose of winding bark-pasting, as has traditionally been considered - the protection of onion against moisture and sharp temperature fluctuations. But the bark completely protects only the outer part of the body. Inside the same as that may well follow in one of its integral pieces of a length of about 0,3 m, which has precisely cut and bent into the edge, birch bark could cover only a portion of the body and as a result of the shooter, apparently, almost the entire length of the bow was the band it unsealed surface, including surface plates. Birch bark, probably has been previously boil in water to give it strength and elasticity. Bark fibers are placed perpendicular to the bow. In general, this design gave the product a bow high performance - more power, durability and reliability.
Unusual, S-shaped bow, fixed in the line of his remains in the burial pit is not formed by accident in the course of some strains within the burial. That is how the subject was laid during the funeral. Central vesloobraznaya lining is so unique appearance that any other form of bow can not be assumed. Seen from above on its back or front side, it looks like an ordinary vesloobraznaya plate with a pronounced shift from extended and elongated blades narrowed to the middle part. However, in longitudinal section of the pad is a mirror-asymmetric (Fig. 9, 4). Being a major formative detail, the central and most powerful overlay defines the entire look of an unusual product. In connection with the construction of a bow is quite difficult to define the principle of his lower arm. Clearly, the upper arm can only bend outward, ie, the usual way. The direction of the same dish of the other arm to set complicated. But, judging by the fact that the cover and here were from the core, this shoulder in the application of the product also had to bend outward, ie, in the direction of the arrow. Perhaps, at full tension bowstring arched upper arm was markedly stronger than the bottom, and the shape of onion should still be able asymmetry. However, in this case it is not clear how will be the bowstring at the lower arm. That it can bend in one direction or another, a bowstring, in any case should not slide on the surface of the shoulder and then the bow and arrow from the product to be introduced by having a highly elongated shape of the letter S. That's the way it is in the grave. The end of the upper arm bow deviates downwards from the conventional horizontal line, and the end of the lower arm, by contrast, rises above this line. The average of the upper arm is higher than the corresponding location of the lower arm. Thus, when viewed from the side of the graves located in the bow, we see the same shape as when you look at it from above. Probably even before sagging floors burial torso found in onions oplyvshey gradually from the edge of the earth pit, so that it balances and retained its dual S-shape.
Another evidence of the assumption of a peculiar form of this product may be another feature of the central vesloobraznoy lining. It is safe to say that the onion had the second S-shaped (ie, observed by the arrow), looking at the appropriate location of planes of blades at the ends of the inner, facing the basis of lining, where they have a flat surface. Located at an angle to each other (Fig. 9, 9, and b) they generate for lining the whole, the propeller, assuring the existence of a sample of onion is the form which we recorded in the burial.
On the territory of the middle Yenisei basin such bows are not known.
Under the grave mound number 8 burial nun, who looks on the surface almost did not stand and was discovered only as a result of the continuous extension of the excavation, construction of the burial was a wooden grobovischa, who had all four walls, wooden floor flat of a few stacked scaffold and overlap of panels of birch bark partially cross-linked with each other. Elm joists rested on three thin longitudinal scaffold-shingles, stacked on top of the end walls. Grobovische size 1,8 x 0,7 m was installed in the ground in a specially dug hole. Its walls are not fastened to each other, but were set back to back and covered over outside the ground for stability. Wooden parts grobovischa preserved satisfactorily. Buried laid on his back stretched his head to the west (with a slight deviation to the north), arms extended at your sides. Throughout the area met grobovischa fragments decayed tissue and skin. On the legs found wooden base seat having a deep red color (Fig. 2, 2). On the left side, between the bones of the torso and left hand was buried and found the remains of wooden parts of onion (Fig. 2, 1). Their safety is very bad. Recorded only two fragments of this product, lying in general, in a single straight line over the bottom grobovischa in the middle of the skeleton. The top piece (probably a fragment of the upper arm) remained in length by 16 cm, and the bottom - 45 cm gap between the two fragments of small - only about 2 cm No other details of onions have been recorded. Judging by the degree of decomposition, fibers, a characteristic reddish color and style of wood processing, these two fragments are parts of one piece of wooden products (Skobelev SG, 1985, pp. 17-18). The upper fragment, in general, remained somewhat better, and shape of the product here can be traced more confident than at the lower segment. Unfortunately, the kind of wood that was used for the manufacture of a bow, could not be established. It can only be confidently assumed that it was not a coniferous species, judging by the rather small and dense fibers, a pattern which is typical for wild cherry or ash. Any fragments of birch bark next to the remnants of a bow is not revealed.
The available fragments of onion did not carry the character of all products of this kind - in the first place, cutouts for mounting the string. Probably they belong to the middle of the bow. For this reason, it is not possible to establish an overall length of the product. Only by analogy with the onions from the grave number 2 can be assumed that he could have a maximum length of about 1,5 m minimum length, which can be set according to available details, believing in the pelvis was buried is the middle part of onion, is not less than 0 , 9 am surviving remnants of a bow is a semi-decomposed wooden dice variable width. Opposite the pelvic bones, their width is minimal and reaches 3-3,5 cm maximum width (4-4,5 cm) reach the remains of a bow at the end of the lower fragment in front of the knee was buried. Expansion of the shoulder bow fixed and preserved in the upper end of the fragment, but not as much as the top piece is much shorter than the bottom. The degree of curvature of the transition line to the expansion here is analogous to a similar portion of the lower fragment. The thickness of the surviving fragments of onion and variable. Maximum thickness (a few more than 2 cm) is fixed, where to the minimum width of residues of onion, ie, in front of the pelvic bones. In the section of the product takes the form a trapezoid with rounded corners. Narrower of the two parallel sides of a trapezoid (the segment) was fixed at the top, probably this is the front, outer side of the bow. In case, if we are found only part of composite products, it is, by analogy with wooden bows from western Siberia - the lower die, which is usually different convex shape of its outer surface (Soloviev AV, 1987, p. 26).. Towards both shoulders bow thickness gradually decreases and at the lower end of the fragment reaches less than 1.5 cm section of the end product also has the form of a trapezium (segment) with rounded corners, but highly elongated (Fig. 10). Shape and size of detected residues, generally correspond to parts of composite wood bows from the late Burials of the indigenous population in the territory of Western Siberia (Solovyov AI, 1987, pp. 26), as well as bows out of Russian Mangazeya (Belov MI Ovsyannikov, OV Starkov, VF, 1981. 74). This fact suggests that the pelvic bones we have recorded it remains a central part of the bow. Thus, the bow (or overlay composite wood products) is, apparently carved from one piece of wood, a simple product in a straight line (when viewed from the arrow), narrowed, but the thickened middle part and wide, but more slender shoulders . Apparently, unlike similar bows with the territory of Western Siberia, he did not even bark pasting. The entire amount of observations made, given the fact that no violation of burial structure, which provided the location of all items of burial items in their original locations, suggesting that it could be a simple wooden bow, probably normal, symmetrical M-shaped, with both arms curving outward. At the burial of onions has been laid with run-flat string, flat, outer side up, and apparently over the left shoulder of the deceased, because of which the upper arm products less preserved. If, however, believe that the discovered parts are just one of the surviving part of the wooden bow, then the above considerations concerning the method of placing it in the burial should be adjusted accordingly.
On the territory of the region, it is not known findings of similar products, dating back to close time.
Under the loose-laying out burial mound number 1 High were found severely decomposed remains of grobovischa size 2x0, 6 m in the form of two side frame scaffold with an overlap of two or three longitudinal scaffold (due to the strong expansion of the exact number of the last tree is not installed). Longitudinal slaughterhouse floor rested on two transverse scaffold, which remains fixed at both ends grobovischa. End walls grobovischa lacked, and side were recorded with a vertically driven into the ground outside the wooden pegs. Buried was laid in a shallow grave pit inside the frame on his back, stretched his head to the west (with some deviation to the north). His hands were in the pelvis. Bottom at grobovischa there was no backbone and was lying directly on the ground. Preservation of the bones are very bad, apparently due to adverse chemical soil conditions. The skull was buried remained a small piece of bark with flashed edge (a few small holes alternating right) (Fig. 3, 1). This is probably the remnants of a headdress. In the area of the belt was found strongly Corroded iron ramchataya buckle of rectangular form with rounded corners (Fig. 3, 3). To the left of the core fixed line remains a bow in the form of highly decomposed fragments of horn-rimmed plates and small fragments of decayed bark winding (Fig. 3, 2). Remnants of the wooden framework of onions is not traced at all.
In the middle of the line remains this is clearly Compound bow, the pelvic bones buried, was found lying flat central vesloobraznaya horn pad. Next to her, found a small fragment, probably the shaft arrows, wrapped in strips of bark. Vesloobraznaya pad save on a significant part of its outer surface layer of bark, much decayed, the winding-pasting (Fig. 11, 1). Preservation of the horns, from which the lining is made, very bad. In fact, one of the blades disintegrated into dust and can be traced only by the restraint of its bark. Therefore, from the front (outside) form lining hardly be traced. However, when viewed from the inside can be seen that the pad has the usual vesloobraznuyu symmetrical form with markedly isolated, elongated lobes, convex outer and inner flat surfaces. The transition from blades to a narrowing of the middle part of the product is fixed firmly. Traces of hatching were observed. Curved or propellerovidnost on this sample is not fixed. Elm does not cover the entire plate and, probably, as in the case of onions from the grave number 2 burial nun, she was placed on the outside, while its curved edges on the inner side, but not back to back, so that there remained a band is not glued birch bark back surface kibiti bow. Moreover, in contrast to the winding-pasting bow out of the grave number 2 nun repository, such as thin-layer glued birch bark fibers are not perpendicular, but at an angle to the lines of the long sides of onion, ie, obliquely (Fig. 11, 1).
Close to both ends of the bow, at the same distance from the central vesloobraznoy lining, confident enough to lie flat fragments were detected horny plates in the form of a rectangle, one narrow side of which is cut straight and the other is tapered and rounded (Fig. 11, 2-3). In addition, there are other parts on the ends of the bow have been noted. In lines residues onions between them and the central vesloobraznoy plate marked fragments of birch bark, clearly descended from the winding-pasting, as well as lying flat on small pieces of horn shoulder pads (Fig. 11, 4-6). All these plates have survived very poorly. Their inner side is flat and external - is convex. Traces of hatching were observed. Strips of bark are usually narrow, from which it can be concluded that the entire bow shoulders are not covered. They are also glued fibers obliquely.
The total length of lines surviving remnants of onions reached 1,3 m, but the bow was obviously longer. The fact that the bow was actually longer than the fixed line remains, we can say based on the fact that both ends of the remaining equally shoulder products have rounded corners horn caps, which are not noted any openings for fastening a bowstring. This means that there were still some details, probably not preserved wooden, by which fastened the bowstring. In order to reinforce horny plates on the ends of a bow to play any role reflectors, the bowstring should be fixed not less than 5-6 cm from the edges of these plates. End of the preserved parts of the upper arm was opposite the crown of skull was buried. Beyond the line end wall pits onion clearly could not be granted. Judging by the experience of our study later burials, the boundary of the grave pit is usually held very close to the head was buried, in this case, no more than 10 cm from the fixed ends of residues of onion. This fact may indicate that the length of the recorded balances of onions can be added on both sides no more than 10 cm Thus, given the size of unpreserved end pieces of onion and its total length was not less than 1,4 m, ie, coincide in this respect with confidence traced the long bow from the grave number 2 burial nun. Bow usual symmetrical shape in the burial has been laid, apparently on the edge, the inner side of the buried, as evidenced by the fixed arcuate line of his remains. Apparently, the surviving wooden grobovische provide protection from exposure oplyva edge of the grave pit for the remnants of a bow and its shape was not noticeably impaired - only after the expansion of the wooden framework horn parts were not kept in an upright position and fell flat on (Skobelev SG, 1988, pp. 23-24).
In the late medieval monuments in the territory of the middle Yenisei basin (in a burial mound number 2 burial Tunchzhuh) took place the discovery of remnants of a bow and a rounded central vesloobraznoy end plates (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001, pp. 53-54 ). However, in this case, the terminal pad was in single copy and it had a hole, apparently for attaching the bowstring, which is on both linings from the burial mound burial High number 1 was observed. In addition, the smooth transition from the constricted middle part of the blades themselves are very short, mild central lobe vesloobraznoy the lining of the burial mound number 2 burial Tunchzhuh significantly distinguish this object from a similar lining of the burial mound burial High № 1. Is likely that this sample belongs to the bow of the earliest of those with central vesloobraznye lining and can be dated or early pre-Mongolian Mongolian time.
Under the loose-mound outline number 2 burial High found the remains of wooden grobovischa as a frame of two pine scaffold-type slab (on them across the outer surface were found fragments of pine bark). Probably, this frame was made of two halves of a split log. End walls is not fixed. Grobovische was very weak or incomplete overlap in the form of two thick transverse block, arranged at the ends of the frame at the feet and head was buried, and two thin transverse dies made of pine, partly neoshkurennyh trunks as thick as the hand, remnants of which were recorded in the center of the frame. Buried inside the frame is laid directly on the bottom of a shallow grave pit, on the back, head to the west (with some deviation to the south). Left arm extended along the trunk, the right hand is fixed to the pelvic bone. The skull was lying on his left cheek. Judging by the location of the skull in a burial, it can be assumed that the deceased was poluprislonen head to the end wall of the grave pit. The head was buried the remains found headdress (Fig. 4, 1) from the skin of dark brown color with fragments of bark, and silk and heavily Corroded iron object in the form of plates (Fig. 4, 2). Probably the headdress was combined. In the left shoulder lay Russian silver coin, and in his left knee - bone whistle for arrows (Fig. 4, 4-5). On his feet found the remains of a leather shoe type boots with short tops (Fig. 4, 6). The whole area of the graves there are numerous remains of silk fabrics. To the left of the skeleton on the outside of the bones of his left hand and left leg were recorded remains of the bow and bark winding-pasting (Fig. 4, 3). Only a central vesloobraznaya horn pad and fragments of birch bark on the possible location of the line bow at the grave.
The central cornea vesloobraznaya pad has the usual symmetrical form (not counting a few obliquely cut off one end) and well isolated, elongated lobes. Clearly observed the transition from blades to a narrowing of the middle part. However, unlike the above-described vesloobraznyh lining, narrowing the middle part of this course is not straight, and somewhat expanding both sides in the middle (Fig. 12, 1). The outer side of the product is convex and smooth, and the interior - a flat and rough at the expense of porous (spongy) structure of the inner substance horns, covered carelessly made diamond hatching made with the tip of a sharp instrument. Hatching lines significantly deeper and wider than the pad on the bow of the grave number 2 burial nun. Lining itself strongly curved outer side out. On its front (outer) surface of the fragments of thin-layer winding bark-pasting. Interestingly, in this case the bark is not across the fibers, and through the long sides of the lining. Birch bark, found under the remains of arms of a bow, in contrast to the above bows before long and very narrow strips. This is due, apparently, the fact that the birch bark wrapping-pasting was placed on the shoulders of the fibers along their lines. Unfortunately, little fragments of bark, in most cases they are not large in size and is currently not possible to determine fully whether it was covered kibit bow. However, one of the fragments of the winding-pasting partially retained its shape under the ribs and onion decay of fibers from the wooden base components of this product, obviously made from different woods. According to him it is safe to commit such an important constructive fact, as the presence of bark strips between the individual parts of a wooden base.
Unfortunately, due to the absence of other horn parts, complete decomposition of the wooden base and a strong expansion of birch winding the exact length of a bow is not installed (Skobelev SG, 1988, pp. 24-25). However, based on the fact that the top of the onion last surviving fragments of bark winding-pasting met in the neck, was buried, and the central vesloobraznaya pad was in the undisturbed state in front of the pelvic bone, it can be assumed that the total length of the product was not less than 1 m. The maximum possible length of the same bow can be about 1,4 m, given that its upper end in any case could not be issued for the line of the end wall of the burial pits, located at a distance of 0,7 m from the midpoint of the central vesloobraznoy lining.
Residues of onion in the burial account is almost a straight line. However, the central vesloobraznaya lining was fixed not lying flat, and on the edge, the outer side facing outwards, towards the walls of the burial pits. This fact suggests that the Compound bow buried was put on edge with deflated bowstring or even without it being sandwiched between the wooden wall and left side grobovischa dead. Apparently, onion body was buried was strongly pressed against the wooden wall grobovischa and therefore it remains in the burial recorded in the form of an almost straight line, although its curved central vesloobraznaya lining and remained lying on the edge (Fig. 5). Satisfactory preservation of wall grobovischa provided protection from exposure to residues of onion oplyva wall of the grave pit. According to available details, the product had the usual symmetrical form.
In the area of the left clavicle was buried in the cemetery mound number 2 high, on top of bark fragments winding bow, lay Russian silver coin, "scale? XVII century. Unfortunately, its both surfaces are strongly obliterated and chasing indistinguishable. However, the discovery of this coin can confidently say about the dating of the burial of the time between the first decades of the XVII and no later than the second decade of the XVIII century. (This, at first glance it would seem unreasonable, the attempt to extend the dating almost to the end of the reign of Peter I is explained by the fact that we have, even in the cultural layer Sayan fort, built in 1718, was found a coin-like "scale", which apparently have been long in circulation, along with coins of new samples). Accordingly, the type and form found here central vesloobraznoy lining on the bow may serve as a guide for determining the chronological affiliation of other similar products found on the territory of the region, in the monuments that have no such clear signs of dating.
Under the loose-mound outline № 3 burial High found the remains of burial structure in the form grobovischa 1,8 x0, 9 am Grobovische consisted of three heavily decayed scaffold with an overlap which is made of two or three longitudinal scaffold (exact number is impossible to determine because of the strong expansion of the tree). Sidewalls grobovischa installed in the burial pit with some outward tilt. On the overlap found the remains of pine bark. Probably the slaughterhouse floor looked like slabs. Needless joists survived only in the center grobovischa over the bone was buried. At the edges, it is completely absent. On the west side, at the head of the deceased, end wooden wall was absent. It found several fragments of Devonian sandstone slabs, on which lay the coals, fragments annealed bones. End wooden wall at the feet of the deceased is established between the two side walls, so that their ends last few spoke out. Buried stowed inside the frame-grobovischa directly to the bottom of a shallow grave pit, on his back, stretched, head to the west (with a slight deviation to the north). Arms extended along the trunk and a few spread out. The skull rests partly on his left cheek. Top of it is severely damaged. Part of the small bones stolen by rodents (in a burial discovered an old gopher hole). On the left and right shoulders buried recorded residual tissue (Fig. 6, 2). On the chest in the center - iron, strongly Corroded vosmerkoobraznaya button (Fig. 6, 3). The right of the skeleton, near the pelvic bone, with bones near the right hand, was discovered by the central cornea vesloobraznaya pad on the bow (Fig. 6, 1). Next to her recorded smaller and weaker fragments of birch bark, perhaps proishodivshe of winding-pasting the bow. However, since fragments of birch bark are in the strong disorder, the line remains a bow is not fixed. The very central vesloobraznaya pad lies flat, the inner side outward, at an angle to the line near the wooden wall grobovischa (Skobelev SG, 1988, pp. 25-26). All this may mean that the remnants of a bow in the grave were greatly disturbed, apparently, people, and later on by rodents. At present it is not possible to restore the shape and length of the product as it was done on the materials described above, the burials. You can not even say with confidence that the bow is buried was put on the right. Not possible that his remains could be moved here later, after the ritual burial, when they were incurred injuries of the skull bones.
The very central oar like pad has a size and form, characteristic of such items from the burial mounds adjacent number 1 and number 2 burial High. It has the usual symmetrical form, is well isolated, elongated blades (although one of them somewhat shorter and narrower than the other, and the edge is cut slightly obliquely). Clearly observed the transition from blades to a narrowing of the middle part (Fig. 12, 2). The outer side of the product is convex and smooth, and the interior - a flat and rough (due to the porous internal structure of the horn). The presence of hatching were observed. Strap line does not curved. Likely to bow, to whom she belonged, was similar to found in these mounds. Judging by the discovery of the central vesloobraznoy lining and small, thin-layer and fragments of bark, it is safe to assume that the bow was also the Compound.
Under the loose outline of a single-burial Solontsi fixed contours of the grave pit, stands out from the mainland of ground red (mergelevaya clay) because of darker color of his occupation. In filling in the grave pit traced large fragments of burnt wood, bark and charcoal, small pebbles. Probably fragments of burnt wood are the remains of the overlap of the grave pit, over which was diluted ritual funeral pyre. As a result, the overlap was severely damaged by fire. The presence of the side and end walls of the timber in the burial pit were observed. In a shallow grave pit irregularly podovalnogo shape was the skeleton of a teenager. He laid on birch-bark litter at the bottom of the clay pits, pull back, head to the northwest. His hands were lying on the pelvic bones. The skull was lying on the lower jaw, which meant placing the corpse in a burial pit in a way where his head was bowed on his chest (probably under the head was placed some sort of backup or earthen cushion). Most of the small bones of hands and feet missing. In general, it seems that the grave on top was partially disrupted (Skobelev SG, 1989, pp. 9-10). The head on the right found markedly Corroded iron ring (Fig. 7, 1). At the feet of the deceased found the remains of thick leather shoes in black, probably the type of boots with short tops (Fig. 7, 4). In the lower jaw on the left found a leather pouch in the form of a heart, which lay a small piece of lead heart-shaped (probably an amulet) (Fig. 7, 5). Right along the torso stripped remnants of a bow. Close to the bones of his right hand (outside) lay vesloobraznaya central pad (Fig. 7, 2). It is almost completely covered by a fragment of bark winding-pasting. Itself, this is an overlay. Its two halves of unequal length, made from the horn of an animal, are joined under a layer of bark to each other in a straight line (the lines cross the cutoff in both halves of the straight and level). Surface of bone, right leg below the knee, several landslides inside, that is, in fact, between the legs of the deceased, together with fragments of bark were winding two shoulder horny plates (Fig. 7, 3). Any fragments of horn plates above the location of the center caps, ie, supplies high-side bow, as well as details for fixing the bowstring at the lower shoulder is not done. Residues of onion wooden base is nowhere recorded. All available horny plates in the grave lie flat, outer side up.
Central vesloobraznaya pad consists of two parts, closely adjacent to each other. The upper part of the profile line has a length of 8.7 cm (Fig. 13, 1, callout), the bottom a few bent out - its length is 9.3 cm in all, this product has the usual symmetrical form, enlarged and elongated lobes well-defined, albeit more gradual than that of the previously described plates, the transition from blades to a narrowing of the middle part of the line. Front (outer) surface of both halves of the lining is smooth and convex and the rear - a flat, covered with a barely perceptible diamond hatching. Place joint between two halves of any horn parts not further strengthened. This composite product is almost entirely covered with a piece of thin-layer winding bark-pasting, butt the edges of which passes through the edge of the lining. Themselves between the edge of a no stitched. Birch bark fibers placed on the line long sides of the lining (Fig. 13, 1).
Both the lining of the lower arm bow at the burial were close to each other, apparently, docking in a straight cut line edge. Higher on the line of the body is damaged onion end up to have more short lining. Her deliberately rounded end partly broken (Fig. 13, 2). At long (bottom) lining the distal end narrower and has almost the same width as the width of the end with a straight-edged a shorter lining (Fig. 13, 3). However, this very long lines residues lining a bow in the burial unexpectedly turned to a shorter lining its wide end. Both pads markedly curved toward the front surface, which account for a single curve. Front (outer) surface of both plates convex and smooth, and the rear - flat and rough (at short due to natural porous internal structure of the horn, and at length - with traces of processing tools, like a rasp when he made the motion at an angle to the line of long parties). Several small fragments of thin-layer winding bark-pasting found with these parts of the lower arm of onions, are narrow, precisely cut strips of width but the size of the linings. Birch bark, in contrast to the central part of the bow, placed the fibers at an angle to the line of the long sides of the linings. Thus, one can assume that the lower shoulder bow was covered with a strip of birch bark just over horn-rimmed plates.
Unfortunately, the general line of residues of onion in the burial could not be fixed (absent from even the ashes of its wooden base, the dead lay on the bark litter, because of which the winding line of birch-pasting on the shoulders of a bow to trace failed due to the inability to separate these fragments from pieces of litter). However, if you believe that the lining of the lower arm were approximately at the original location, the distance from the end of the last of them until the middle of the central vesloobraznoy lining, apparently, also lying almost on the original location, is nearly 0.65 m. This may suggest total length of the bow is not less than 1.3 m. However, the detected parts of the lower shoulder bow did not recorded the following openings for fastening a bowstring. This could mean that, by analogy with the method of determining the total length of onions from the burial mound burial High number 1, we bow to the length of a single burial Solontsi (taking into account this need to preserve the properties of reflectors horny plates available at the lower-leg) should add at least another than 5-6 cm, and, apparently, with each side. As a result, using similar calculations, we can assume that the length of the bow was also not less than 1,4 m, which corresponds to the average length of all the above-described products. Correspond to a similar representation of the size and form central vesloobraznoy lining (only except that the overlay is a component).
On the form of a bow, on the basis of the location of the burial of remains found, it is difficult to say anything definite. Probably still available items onions are not in their original locations relative to the longitudinal line. Since the central vesloobraznaya pad located under such a high angle to the likely length of the bow that can not be entered in the line of the two plates of the lower arm of the bow. She is also a very large angle to the side of the grave pit (Fig. 7, 2). Probably due to oplyva dirt walls of the grave pit, this pad after a strong expansion of residual bow slipped inside and was closely pressed to the bones of his right hand was buried, lying under a noticeable angle to the line of the pit wall. In turn, the lining of the lower arm of onions, being initially placed together with the lower shoulder bow flat on top of the right foot buried, apparently slipped from her and turned out to lie between the legs (Fig. 7, 3). If, however, believe that the fixed arrangement of parts of onions was due to bow at the burial space is not flat, but on the edge, then the upper arm of this product should have been far beyond the side wall of the grave pit (a kind of central vesloobraznoy lining can not assume S-shaped bow, when his upper arm could be due to the bend in the opposite direction to be within the burial pit), the probability of making it difficult to accept. Thus, most likely bow in the burial was placed flat on top of the right foot and along the right hand of the deceased with a removed or deflated bowstring. This product was undoubtedly Compound and was most likely the usual symmetrical form. Judging by the number of similarities in the funeral goods, funeral at the time of its construction is very close to those described above monuments.
On the territory of the middle Yenisei basin has hitherto been known only to a fact finding component of the central vesloobraznoy lining - a burial mound № 3 Tunchzhuh (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001, pp. 53-54). Author excavations dated this monument is the first half of II millennium. er. Composite lining of burial mound № 3 Tunchzhuh characterized by the low, barely outlined the transition from the middle part to a slightly expanded blades, which are slightly longer. Probably a weakly expressed vesloobrazny image overlays because it relates to the product, which is one of the earliest examples of bows so-called Mongolian type. In the last field season in one of the looted tombs in burial ritual burials Koybaly I, we also observed a similar composite overlay with weak lobes and unexpressed transition to them from a slightly narrower middle part. Composition and nature of funeral goods, found in the graves, not allow us to date the monument of the late middle of the II millennium. er. Probably it refers to the beginning of the Mongol time, or even the previous period. Therefore, we can assume that the lining with slightly expanded ends, unexpressed, short blades and poorly marked a transition for them from the constricted middle part belongs to the earliest examples of the bows "of the Mongolian type." Overlay of the same burial Solontsi, despite the fact that it is an integral, possesses all the attributes of the product of later times. Should be confident enough to believe that this sample dates to Russian time, given the discovery of lead products in the burial (in the monuments dorusskoy era of lead products is not known). Thus, the existence of central composite vesloobraznyh lining does not necessarily imply for bows "of the Mongolian type of" early dating.
Remains of another late-bow have been discovered in a burial burial Chegerak I, located on the north Khakass-Minusinsk Basin. The cemetery is located on the left bank of the creek Chegerak (Chegerak - left tributary of the Yenisei River), 2 km from the place of its confluence with the Yenisei, in Novoselivs'ka district of Krasnoyarsk region. Objects repository Chegerak I - 6 burials performed by the rites of burials and cremation are available quite freely on the tops of small hills that are the first terrace above the floodplain of the stream. Above this first terrace overlooks the mountain on which there are several stone vaults tashtykskoy culture. Thus, the objects of the repository are not located on the highest mountain in the area, which is quite unusual for a monument of XVII - beginning of XVIII century. (Skobelev SG, 2000, pp. 166-169). Burial area intensively sodded and covered with thick grasses. Locals no information about the existence of this cemetery are not, although the closest village Novoselovo existed since the XVIII century.
Burial burial Chegerak I, as a rule, is an intensive turf flat ring of debris laying slabs of Devonian sandstone height about 0,1 - 0,15 m above the surrounding surface with a flattened surface in the center of the ring (Mitko OA, 1990, . 2-3; Mitko OA, 1991, pp. 2-7). Their maximum height is usually observed along the crest of the calculations. Unfortunately, only mounds of number 4 and number 5 in the composition of the burial ground were not looted. Therefore, the remains of stone structures were detected on the surface, as well as proper burial constructions, for the majority of mounds have been significantly altered by predatory excavation. In addition, the burial mounds of the majority, except for the burial mound number 6, found a very lean inventory, which can not reasonably hold them dating and communicate with each other. Confidence among the later monuments can be attributed only mounds of number 5 and number 6.
Not looted burial mound number 5, made according to the rite burials, gives us a complete picture of its structure (burial adult in a simple grave pit deeper than 0,8 m, stretched on his back with arms at your sides, head to the west, with an installed vertically stone stele in the head). Sufficiently deep burial mound pit number 5 is not characteristic of the cultural traditions of their ancestors Khakases in the XVII - beginning of XVIII century. When the burial occurred very deep, almost on the surface of the earth. Tomb of depth to the knee for most ethnic groups in the region (y kyzyltsev the loins, and in this respect, it should be recalled that the location of the burial ground Chegerak I - Border area between kachintsami and kyzyltsami), usually by digging already in the XIX century. (Butanaev VY, 1998, pp. 204). Installed over the burial pit stone stele is also not typical for the burials of XVII - beginning of XVIII century. But this custom is known in the population of the middle Yenisei in the pre-Christian era (at the end of XVIII - first half of the XIX century).. So I. Karatanov noted in the XIX century. That the graves obkladyvaetsya slabs over baptized to give up, and over the unbaptized simple poles or buried upright slabs (Karatanov I., 1884, pp. 630). The location of the mound is no longer at the maximum height above the surrounding terrain, which was typical of earlier monuments, also brings the object to the graves from cemeteries ancestors Khakases late XVIII - early XIX century. Placed usually at medium altitudes on ridges on the slopes Mountains. This was probably due to the fact that the deceased at that time were delivered to the place of burial in a cart or sled, where it was difficult to climb the steep tops (Butanaev VY, 1998, pp. 206, 210). Way to the room dead to the grave - head to the west, where the supposedly dead souls go, with outstretched arms along the body, is typical for most recent burial, and he used during the XIX century. (Butanaev VY, 1998, pp. 210, 208).
№ 6 mound was plundered, but by design it is close to the device barrow № 5. Found in it things burial items match this dating. Currently, based on available materials, we can date the burial site, or, more precisely, the two mound, the end of XVIII - the middle of the XIX century. Detail of onion was observed only in the burial mound № 6.
By laying out the outline of the mound, № 6 detected the outlines of the grave pit, stands out from the mainland due to its soil prevented filling, which consisted of gumusirovannoy sandy loam and fine sandstone tiles. In a sufficiently deep burial pit (about 0,6 m above the surrounding surface) identified the remains of the plundered burial rites performed at burials. Many bones of the skeleton were missing, while the remaining were mixed and shifted to the eastern half of the pit. In this part of the burial pit, which had, in general, podpryamougolnuyu shape 2,2 x 1,3 m, close to the skull and other bones of a skeleton adult also found some items burial items - four heavily Corroded iron petiolate flat arrowheads, quivers hook and a fragment fished. Railways were a bunch of things (Mitko OA, 1990, pp. 6-7). Almost all of these things have their exact analogies in later monuments in the region, including the cultural layer Sayan fort dating from the XVIII - early XIX century. It also found the central vesloobraznaya horn pad on the bow. At the bottom of the grave pit recorded bark fragments of different sizes may occur either from the ruined rug or floor, or from the quiver of bark or winding-pasting the bow.
Because
looting of burial remains of a bow on the ground did not recorded. Central vesloobraznaya lining also is clearly not in place. Therefore, the length of the bow, and his form surely can not be restored. Judge this is possible only on the basis of the most caps (Fig. 12, 3). Its length is about 18 cm, width narrow - less than 2 cm, width of blades - some more than 3 cm Product usual symmetrical form has expanded and elongated lobes pronounced, albeit more gradual than the lining of the above sites, with the exception of burial Solontsi, the transition from the constricted middle part of the blades, but differs from all the latest proportionally much wider blades. Recorded slight bend in the direction of the front pads (outer) side. Item is made from the horn of a large animal. Front (outer) side is treated very carefully and smoothed instrument similar to a file with a large notch. The reverse side is a porous (spongy), the rough structure of the inner substance without a trace of horns hatching. In general, both in size and shape and nature of treatment, this pad is close similar items originating from the burial mounds burial High № 1-3. On this basis, we can assume that the total length and design of a bow from the burial mound burial № 6 Chegerak I, who was obviously composite and had the usual symmetrical form, similar to what we have learned about the bows of these mounds.
Ota and burial Hyzyl-aal located on the left bank. Abakan, Khakassia in the south. The cemetery is located Ota on the right bank. Thea, on the contrary ulus Ota. The cemetery Hyzyl-aal is located on the left bank. Abakan, somewhat upstream from the Ulus Hyzyl-aal. These tombs excavated AN Lipsky. Currently, excavation of materials stored in the collections of Khakassia Republic Regional Museum and part is exhibited in the permanent exhibition in the window of Khakassia, after the Mongol invasion. According to museum staff, handwritten fund AN Lipsky is in poor condition, and reports to the Division of Field Studies, Institute of Archaeology himself AN Lipsky sent is not always the case. Therefore, with respect to material data repositories, we can speak only on the basis of inspection items currently available in the funds.
Among the finds excavated from the tombs of two of these burial grounds are iron arrowheads, spear, iron knives, truck breakdowns and their parts, lining on the straps and other items specific to the population of the basin the middle Yenisei Late Middle Ages. Objects clearly of Russian origin in their composition are not available, but there are separate products (iron arrowheads, knives, petiolate large size, truck-stops for breakdowns in the form of a four-flower, lotus flowers and others), similar to those that are known in the monuments of XVII-XVIII centuries. , including the cultural layer Sayan prison. All this makes it possible to date these materials, probably, the period XIV - the beginning of XVII century., Although the lower limit in this case and determined quite arbitrarily. The author of the excavation dated some of the studied tombs, including those containing residues with a central bow vesloobraznoy plate, XV-XVII centuries. (Lipsky, AN, 1946, pp. 84-85).
For details of the bows are two central vesloobraznye lining the usual symmetrical form with a confident selected extended and elongated lobes, a well-marked transition to them from the constricted middle part. Both are made from the horn of a large animal, and come from Compound bows. These items have already received a brief description in the literature (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001, pp. 53-54). The length of the lining of onions from the burial ground Hyzyl-aal is about 20 cm, and the lining of the burial ground of Ota - about 33 cm in this lining of burial Ota different unusual length of its blades, and if the median narrow part of each of the lining of approximately equal length, then difference in total length between them is formed by an unusually elongated lobes of the latter. As for its overall length, and length of the blades, this strap is markedly different from all known to us. Probably, onions, to which she belonged, also had an unusually large size. These products, of course, a simple symmetrical shape, should be attributed to one of the most advanced bows "Mongol types" on the Yenisei.
Sayan jail, built in 1718, a detachment of Cossacks from Krasnoyarsk, located on the right bank. Yenisei River, on the outskirts of the modern village of Sayansk in Shushenskoy district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It is known that the prison during the century was the Russian administrative center for a vast area of southern Yenisei region. Along with Russian servicemen in persons, protection of the border in this area until the 60-ies. XVIII century. bore and local residents, mainly koybaly. As a result of many years of close proximity of Russian people and local residents as to the territory and in more northern areas, was coming from the bulk of Russian pioneers, really formed a single set of artefacts that illustrates well the cultural layer of the prison. Both local residents and the Russian people in the use of both were the same items of weapons, basic tools, utensils, ornaments, etc. (Skobelev SG, 2001). Included in this number, and bows that were on that territory, in common use until the middle of the XIX century. and later. So Yenisei governor AP Stepanov wrote in the first third of the XIX century. That local residents and Russian peasants constantly used in hunting rifles, along with bows and arrows, and noted that the arrow hits the animal in a shot rifles, and sometimes more (Stepanov AP, 1997, pp. 31, 73). High fighting qualities of local archers have predetermined their long existence on this territory.
As part of the cultural layer Sayan fort we found a large number of subjects, indicating the wide use of bows its inhabitants - the iron and bone arrowheads of various types, bone whistle on the boom. These items have full analogy with the findings from burials and settlements of the indigenous inhabitants of the region (Skobelev SG, 1999, pp. 185-207; Skobelev SG, Mandryka PV, 1999, pp. 208-214). Found a few items that we can determine how harvesting horn parts Compound bows. So in the cultural layer sector № 115 total excavation in the area of the prison yard found the subject of a horn, apparently, is preparation for a wedge-shaped terminal leaf onion (Skobelev SG, 2001, fig. 32, 2). Is part of a deer antler length about 15 cm, roughly trimmed on all sides with a knife. Has the form of an elongated rectangle of a wedge-shaped profile (Fig. 12, 4). Slot for attaching a bowstring remained not scheduled. This course, based on its general type, length, and, particularly, wedge-shaped, it could serve as a blank for the manufacture of Compound bow liner terminal, such terminal inserts bow out of the grave number 2 burial nun. In addition to this piece, as part of the cultural layer Sayan fort was found a few pieces of horn varying degrees of processing, from which could be made by individual items Compound bows, similar to found in the above texts. However, their incomplete forms can not talk about it quite clearly.
Bows as versatile and multifunctional tools used for hunting - the most important sector of economy, and in the fighting, were a major means of production and, simultaneously, the most important subject of weapons of indigenous middle Yenisei in the late Middle Ages. All of his neighbors in this time also used the bow in these qualities. As stated Russian explorers, local residents hunted only with bow: "... The Siberian and Lena foreigners, bows, and other fishing ... do not know" (History of Siberia, 1968, pp. 77). I. IDES and A. Brand, during his embassy to China (1692-1695 gg.) Specifically noted in the ratio of the Yenisei Kyrgyz, that "... Their weapons consist of bow and arrow" (IDES I., Brand A., 1967, . 281). In the first quarter of the eighteenth century. DG Messerschmidt notes that arintsem, for example, in the grave lay his arms, namely, bows and arrows (Messerschmidt DG, 1962, S. 165). But unfortunately, his contemporaries have left us detailed descriptions of bows. Now, for example, it is difficult to say if they saw in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. and later in the indigenous population patterns similar to those found in the tomb burial number 2 nun. The first who gave a description of the bows that existed at the same time that indigenous and Russian inhabitants of the region, was governor of Yenisei AP Stepanov, who served in this position in 20-ies. XIX century. According to him, "... Elastic bow length 2 a yard, tied bowstring of the colon as a tow, a string has an ordinary form. He pasted on top with birch bark and coated the bottom of the horn-plate "(Stepanov, AP, 1997, pp. 73). As you can see from this description, the most prevalent Compound bows are the usual symmetrical form. Most of us found in the later burials of similar types of products fall under a full description of how the shape and size, and by design. Probably, the simple and composite wood, as well as asymmetric Compound articles with horny plates, were rare, and AP Stepanov, for this reason, they either do not meet or do not bother to mention them. In this regard, we note that a small number found during archaeological excavations remnants tselnoderevyannaya bows not only due to the fact that because of the lack of horn parts, as expected, they are simply not recorded in the graves in connection with the complete decomposition of the tree, but also apparently small number of these products are in use.
In the archeological sites of the late medieval and early modern times in Siberia found a significant number of residues of the bows of various kinds - from simple wooden Compound until combined (or composite). For example, found in later graves in Baraba bows are four types existed, apparently, at the same time (Molodin VI, Sobolev VI, Solovyov AI, 1990, pp. 43-49). As can be seen in the late medieval and later burials on the Yenisei us were also found different bows: wood, without any additional horn parts, with only a one-piece horn vesloobraznuyu lining has a whole except vesloobraznoy still horny and shoulder pads, having, together with the central vesloobraznoy grip shoulder-piece and composite horny plates, as well as the horn terminal inserts, having a composite vesloobraznuyu pad and compound the same shoulder horny plates. These products belong to both groups - simple and Compound. Most of them, as the bows with neighboring territories, had, apparently, the usual form with arching shoulders forward.
Central (median) oar like horny plates traditionally belong to the bows so-called "Mongol types" and are considered their most important feature. Meanwhile, all these pads, as we have seen, vary considerably among themselves in appearance, mainly on the degree of separation and the length of the extended lobes. On the territory of the middle Yenisei basin so far discovered more than a dozen central overlap with vesloobraznuyu form. Among them are designs that have barely planned expansion of the blades, the length of the blades themselves is negligible, and the transition from restricted to the middle of an extended end to make a very smooth (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001. 54). These items were found in graves, where either there was no burial items with signs of dating, or in the graves dating from the pre-Mongolian, and perhaps the Mongol time, but certainly no later than the beginning of the XVII century. In turn, the burials, dating back confidently XVII - beginning XIX century., Including the fact of goods of Russian origin, we do not know linings of this type, at this time, all the plates have been clearly defined, extended and elongated blade with a sharp transition from the middle part to the extensions at the ends. So lining of the youngest among the known burials in the Yenisei (burial mound № 6 Chegerak I) has the most extensive and pronounced lobes. This fact allows us to assume that the evolution of these overlaps in the preceding "dark period" flowed through the expansion and extension of the blades, forming a sharp transition to them from the constricted middle part. Probably, the formation of extended lobes overlapping at this and nearby areas started in the pre-Mongolian time (Kyzlasov LR, 1969, pp. 75-76) to the XVII century. Basically completed. In this form, taking into account the fact that further development of the design of transition and is proportional to the expansion blades relative to the middle part, vesloobraznye lining lasted probably until the middle of the XIX century. (Based on the maximum possible upper limit of execution time of burial in the barrow № 6 burial Chegerak I, where it was discovered a similar product).
In addition to the above, markedly pronounced and quite elongated blade with a well-planned transition to them from the constricted middle part were the central vesloobraznye the lining of the monuments Chasovennaya Gore and Kokorevs on the Yenisey (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001. 53 -54). However, the data items, unfortunately, are not solid, and therefore we can not confidently judge their true shape and size. It also does not allow to assign them to any particular historical period, based on their own special features. However, observing significantly longer blade with the last of the plates, we can assume that the first of them originating from tomb number 2 Chasovennaya Mountain repository and has a very short blade is earlier. This is, in general, confirms our observations on the evolution of the bow "of the Mongolian type, since the burial Chasovennaya Mount traditionally dates from the Mongol time, ie, the period when the process of formation of such samples bow was still in its infancy.
As already noted, the preliminary typology Compound bows out of the middle Yenisei Late burials to date, a (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001. 53). Its authors identified 4 types of products:
with a single intact medial frontal plate;
with a composite middle frontal plate;
with the middle and front end plates;
with the middle and front shoulder straps, complemented by end liners.
Currently, based on our results, this typology should be clarified and expanded. So, apparently, should refuse to assign to a particular type of sample compound bows with a median plate, because the shape of the lining in the operating position is fully consistent whole and they may also be accompanied by an additional shoulder pads, probably more objective would be the assignment of such samples only the relevant subtypes Compound bows. Given the discovery of the grave number 2 burial nun original sample of onions, we can on this basis to propose to allocate a separate subgroup Compound products - bows with asymmetrical shoulders and curving S-shaped front line kibiti.
Bow out of the grave number 2 burial nun, having the greatest number of species of horn parts and an unusual form, refer to the individual and sub-type is the most difficult among the well-known to us on the Yenisei. Because of the lack of close similarities with the neighboring areas is still difficult to talk about any borrowing or influence in the production of products of this type. Most likely, given the observed diversity of archers, the "suburban" and kachintsev arintsev in the seventeenth century. It can be assumed that the specimen is one of the evidence of their relatively high degree of specialization in the application of different types of bows, depending on how weather and seasonal conditions, and on the purpose for which should be shooting. In this regard, it should result in a well-known example of the variety of types of Korean bows, destined for battle, hunting, competition, training, ritual action, shooting in the foot and horse-drawn position for throwing different types of arrows, etc. (Atknin VD Glinski, EA, 1987, pp. 84). Apparently, the master of the middle Yenisei also in relation to different goals and changing weather and seasonal conditions, taking into account the wishes of customers produced bows of different types, one of which is in the development of production and received such an unusual shape.
Evidence of high enough for his time training of local craftsmen and level of development of this craft in the indigenous population of the Yenisei are messages written sources that have Krasnoyarsk "suburban Tatars were renowned expert on making bows, which handled the orders even Russian servicemen people (Bakhrushin SV, 1959, pp. 32). Probably found in the grave number 2 nun in a cemetery in Krasnoyarsk original sample of onions is also a product to come from the hands of local craftsmen. Nevertheless, one should not assume that just Kaczynski or Arin craftsmen experimented in this way in Siberia. It should be mentioned that the Inuit of Canada in the recent past, along with bows usual symmetrical form existed Compound composite product of a very peculiar appearance, where the line of the body was a chaotic curved line (Damas D., 1984, P. 405). There is also archaeological evidence of possible existence in other areas of Siberia bows asymmetric shape. So the study of late medieval dilapidated burial cave of warrior in Shida Baikal was discovered bone central vesloobraznaya pad on the bow having a profile form highly elongated letter "S" and is a two-part (Goryunova OI Pavlutskogo VV, 1992. 87 -97). Unfortunately, the shape of the bow at the funeral due to a partial fix the looting was not possible, but, judging from the materials of us from the grave number 2 nun in a cemetery in Krasnoyarsk, overlay is not by chance acquired a configuration in the burial, for example, could be previously erroneously assume under the influence of settling overlap the grave, and was intentionally carried out in this form, probably for the article, which also had an S-shape. Apparently, in the late Middle Ages and early modern period bows of this type still have some distribution in Siberia, although quantitatively they are clearly inferior to products usually an M-shaped symmetrical with the central vesloobraznymi pads, are widely known in Eurasia.
Based on fact finding for this sample of onion with original design completions ends with some horn parts, and finds a horny piece of a similar kind in the area of Sayan jail, we conclude that later composite bows Yenisei could have another important feature, namely, end tapered liners with slits for the bowstring, which, like the spacers were in the wooden base of the body and rigidly fixed with its ends. Probably, as the experience of recent excavations of sites in western Siberia, except the horn, could be applied simply wooden tapered end inserts (Solovyov AI, 1987, p. 26).. These details of the specifics of his appointment and the location of any reflectors is not functional and horny liners can be painlessly replaced by wood (the latter, for obvious reasons, usually in the archaeological sites were not recorded).
In several cases, we found solid and composite shoulder pads is a very short horn parts. Such overlays clearly could not play a significant role reflectors. Probably, their appointment, mainly to balance the shoulders bow to achieve equal dynamic load attached to their arm, as well as to strengthen the weaknesses kibiti identified during the course of production control or test operation.
We found the remains of composite bows show a marked diversity in the ways of placing bark winding-obkleek. Traditionally it was thought that such items or their major parts, fully covered with birch bark, which helped strengthen the horny lining of the body there (Soloviev AV, 1987, pp. 25). However, the experience of our study showed that in some cases, birch winding-pasting covered only part of the body onion (usually the front). In addition, never been documented cases of multilayer windings, even in a separate section of the bow. Strip of birch bark were usually so narrow that their edges can not be placed even overlap. An essential role for the attachment of horny plates are birchbark items did not play. This circumstance, given the above message and AP Stepanov, means that for later bows of the Yenisei, we can not use the definition of "birch bark wrapping. Actually we found fragments of bark could not be attached to the bows of the body differently, as with glue and therefore they should be called and, respectively. In addition, it was found that the strips of birch bark, which has always been very thin and single-layer could be placed on the bow across the fibers, the length and angle to the lines kibitey, with their different location could be the case even one sample of onions. For later bows Yenisei also be regarded as an established fact the use of gaskets made of birch bark between the parts of some of these items Compound that was done, probably for their stronger adhesion.
Several authors have previously expressed the view that an imbalance between the amount found in graves on the territory of Western Siberia remains the bows and the number of burials, where there were no remnants of the bows, but there were traces of quivers, arrows, and the remnants of tips for them, indicative of the fact that up to us simply have not reached the remnants tselnoderevyannaya bows, whose number could be much larger than we know the results of excavations (Molodin VI, Sobolev VI, Solovyov AI, 1990, pp. 47). This is generally correct assumption, however, be used for our region, taking into account the fact that, contrary to the graves of the middle Yenisey, along with the onions were not always quivers, arrows, etc. Probably, in reality, not There was a strict relationship between the presence in the graves of bows and their accessories.
We conducted the study late bows to determine the nature of the production of these guns ranged on the last, the final stage of evolution, when it started a gradual process of displacement of handguns. Having gone through major historical periods, such as bows Scythian, Hun and Turkic (Uighur) types, the history of the production and use of these weapons of war and the hunt for indigenous and Russian inhabitants of the region, ended on a Compound bow of the Mongolian type, get to the XVII century. In Overall, little change compared with their first sample. In regard to the majority of archaeological finds, this is expressed mainly in changing the shape of the central (median) vesloobraznoy lining, which was more marked and longer blade with a well-planned transition to them from the middle waist portion. Moreover, given the repeated findings, innovation seems to have been used for individual samples bows end of wedge-shaped inserts with slots for the bowstring, which were made of horn, and possibly wood. Compound (composite) bows at the end of the middle Yenisei late medieval and early modern times on formal grounds, for the most part, can not be top of these products. Apparently, in this respect, based, mainly because of the number and size of horn parts, they are not significantly different in their combat and operational qualities of onions, such as Hun-type that appeared in more than fifteen hundred years before that. Along with Compound composite, were used and the simple wooden bows (and possibly, composite wood). However, the individual can say, piece samples later Compound (composite) bows, for example, such an event from the grave number 2 burial nun product asymmetric shape of their appearance and, accordingly, fighting qualities, apparently, were isolated from the total mass of products, reaching the limit of perfection for any performance.
REFERENCES
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Bakhrushin S. Essays on the history of the Krasnoyarsk district in the seventeenth century. / / Proceedings. T. IV. M., 1959.
Belov MI Ovsyannikov, OV, Starkov VF Mangazeya. Material culture of Russian polar explorers and sailors of XVI-XVII centuries. Part II. , 1981.
Butanaev VY Ethnic Culture of Khakassia. Abakan, 1998.
Goryunova OI Pavlutskogo VV burial cave of warrior in Shida / / Archaeological Site of the Middle Ages in Buryatia and Mongolia. Novosibirsk, 1992.
Izbrant IDES and Adam Brand. Notes on the Russian Embassy in China (1692-1695). M., 1967.
History of Siberia: In 5 m. T. 2. L., 1968.
Karatanov IV features an external life Kaczynski Tatars / / Proceedings of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. T. XX. SPb., 1884.
Krasheninnikov SP in Siberia. Unpublished materials. Leningrad, 1966.
Kyzlasov LR History of Tuva in the Middle Ages. M., 1969.
Lipsky AN excavations of ancient tombs in Khakassia in 1946 / / BRIHMC. M.-L. Vol. XXXV.
Mitko OA Proceedings of the Krasnoyarsk archaeological unit in 1989. Novosibirsk, 1990. Archive of.
Mitko OA Proceedings of the Krasnoyarsk archaeological unit in 1990, Novosibirsk, 1991. Archive of.
Molodin VI, Sobolev VI, Solovyov AI Barabba in the late Middle Ages. Novosibirsk, 1990.
Skobelev SG Report on archaeological excavations late medieval monuments in the Altai, Bey and Omelyanivske districts of Krasnoyarsk Territory in the field season in 1984, Novosibirsk, 1985. Archive of.
Skobelev SG report on the excavation and investigation of late medieval monuments in Bey, Bolsheuluyskom, Emelyanovsky, Minusinsk, Novoselivs'ka and Ordzhonikidze district of Krasnoyarsk region in the field season of 1985. Novosibirsk, 1985. Archive of.
Skobelev SG Report on archaeological excavations in the Bey, Emelyanovsky, Novoselivs'ka and Shusha regions of archaeological exploration in Bogradskom and Sukhobuzimo districts of Krasnoyarsk Territory in the field season of 1987. Novosibirsk, 1988. Archive of.
Skobelev SG Report on archaeological excavations in the Bey, Emelyanovsky, Novoselivs'ka and Shusha regions of archaeological exploration in Bogradskom district of Krasnoyarsk region in the field season of 1988. Novosibirsk, 1989. Archive of.
Skobelev SG late medieval archeology and the problem of ethnogenesis of modern indigenous peoples of Southern Siberia: Problems of Medieval Archaeology of Southern Siberia. Novosibirsk, 1991.
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Skobelev SG, Mandryka PV Problems chronology of some items of archaeological Eurasia Russian time (on the materials Sayan prison and Aykanskogo Villages) / Eurasia: cultural heritage of ancient civilizations. Vol. 2. Horizons of Eurasia. Novosibirsk, 1999.
Skobelev SG late medieval archaeological sites south of Central Siberia: Problems and results of a study / / Russian Archaeology: Progress and Prospects XX XXI centuries. Izhevsk, 2000.
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Solovyov AI Military indigenous population of Western Siberia. Novosibirsk, 1987.
Stepanov AP Yenisei Province. Krasnoyarsk, 1997.
Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA Weapon Kyrgyz Kyshtym Vopr military affairs and demography of Siberia in the Middle Ages. Novosibirsk, 2001.
Damas D. Copper Eskimo / / Handbook of North American Indians. V. 5. Arctic. Washington, 1984. P. 397-414.
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ABBREVIATIONS:
IA - Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
MAE - Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography
BRIHMC - brief reports of the Institute of History of Material Culture
Later bows Middle Yenisei
Nechiporenko VN, Pankin SV Skobelev SG
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Work performed under the grant of RFH № 01-01-00289a
Dusan
In text was often use word"compound" -i think best is "composite" . Russians archeologist evan in original text use word " Horn " plates , but its clearly "bone" plates - maybe more incorect words , but i think "base information is ucefull . :D
Dusan
Now shorter article aboutMongol tribes armour...
Armament Jungars and Khalkha Mongols in the late Middle Ages
Khudyakov, S., Bobrov, LA
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Work performed under the grant of RFH № 01-01-00289
In the past three decades the study of weapons and military art nomads of Central Asia became an independent area of archaeological science in Siberia. Were systematized materials on weapons, forms of military organization and peculiarities of the military art of nomads in the periods of antiquity and the early development of the medieval [1]. However, the military affairs of the Central Asian nomads of the late medieval and poorly understood due to the fact that the monuments of this period have long remained outside the purview of archaeologists and oruzhievedov. It was promoted and established idea that during the late Middle Ages the art of war nomads are experiencing a certain decline that led to defeat in the war and the inclusion of the steppes of Central Asia, populated by nomads in the vast centralized empire, inhabited by agricultural peoples, and cultural and economic type of nomadic herders descended from the historical arena.
But to clarify the laws governing the development of military affairs in the nomadic world must study all phases of the evolution of armaments, military and organizational forms and martial arts, or the results of the study are not complete.
Interest to historians of the art of war and conquest of the Mongols in the national historiography clearly manifested from the beginning of the XVIII century. The writings of many scholars who have studied the ancient monuments of Siberia, Mongolia era of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan and Tamerlane were attributed to many ancient buildings, tombs, finds armaments, arts and monuments of literature [2]. In the XIX century. the phenomenon of military successes of the Mongols was analyzed in the writings of military historians, relying on information written sources. On the influence of the Mongols in the martial arts of other nations military historians writing in the late XIX - early XX centuries. [3] Several studies have been devoted to the commander that the activity of Genghis Khan [4]. The main source for the analysis of the writings of historians had information from the writings of medieval Western European and Oriental authors XIII-XIV centuries.
Armament Mongolia became the object of study after the deployment of archaeological work in Transbaikalia and Mongolia in the second half of XX century. [5] Some work has been devoted to the analysis of the Mongolian weapons from Eastern Europe [6].
Most studies on the military affairs of the Mongols considered weapons and martial art developed by the medieval era, the period of existence of the Mongol Empire. Armaments and military art of Mongolian nomads Late Middle Ages in contemporary literature highlighted enough.
Information about the structure of military organizations and events of Military History Khalkha Mongols and Jungars found in the literature Ya Zlatkin, VA Moiseev, EI Kychanova [7].
Subjects weapons Late Mongols understood and put into scientific circulation is very uneven. Attracted the greatest attention of scientists defensive armament. Selected findings and information about late medieval Mongolian armor, helmets and other protective types of weapons seen in the works of Behayma, P. Winkler and MV Gorelik, L. A. Bobrov, H. Robinson. X. Perlee, A. Damdinsuren, S. J. Bazarsurena [8].
Remote battlefield weapons: bows and arrows, bone whistle, applied by Mongolian warriors in the late Middle Ages, were considered in the articles KU Kehalmi, 3. Batsayhana, G. Menesa [9].
Some interest for the study of Mongolian bows and arrows represent the materials in arms distance from the battle bore XVII-XVIII centuries. Because the military affairs of the Buryat tribes to join Russia developed in close cooperation with the Mongolian. For information about bows, arrows, case for a bow, quiver and other weapons at the Buryat considered Karuttsem R., N. Tsultemom, VA Mikhailov, MA Zaitseva, VV Pork, AV Harinskim, Y. S. Khudyakov [10].
Individual finds the late-medieval melee weapons from the territory of Mongolia, were characterized by 3. Batsayhanom and YA Plotnikov [11].
In the works of Damdinsuren and SB J. Bazarsurena provides information on Firearms, applicable Mongolian warriors in the late Middle Ages [12].
All materials available on Mongolian arming the Late Middle Ages classified on formal grounds. Based on the typological classification of weapons renovated complex of means of combat the Mongol warriors. At the present time because of incomplete data is not possible to distinguish features of armament and Jungars Khalkha Mongols, although some differences exist between them.
Remote battlefield weapon of the Mongol warriors in the late Middle Ages consisted of bows and arrows. In the museum collections are stored entirely extant kibiti Mongolian bows. By design kibiti they belong to the group Compound. By the number of parts and bone lining among them there are two types.
Type 1. With shoulder horny plates. Includes 1 copy of the MAE, № 3697. Kibiti length - 1,68 m. Kibit bow has a narrow, oval in cross section, leather-covered mid-and long flattened shoulders, to which both sides are glued long shoulder pads, steeply curved composite ends with arched openings for the dressing loops of string. Kibit bow glued birch bark. At the ends, the transition to the shoulders with straps attached to the stand-bone fuses [13].
Type 2. Braided sinew. Includes 1 copy of Ulangomskogo museum. Kibiti length - 1m. Kibit bow has a broad, oval in cross section, middle, flattened shoulders and components, steeply curved ends with arched openings for the dressing loops of string. The handle on both sides criss-crossing tendons. Braid is available in two places at the top and one bottom arm kibiti (Fig. I, 3).
Despite the differences in design and size of the Mongol bows, relating to ethnographic time, probably back to the bows with the middle front plate, which became widespread in the world in the era of the nomadic Mongol Empire [14].
These bows have proven easy to use, highly efficient, high-velocity weapons remote battlefield, well adapted for firing in an intensive, maneuverable cavalry battle.
The Mongols are used until the ethnographic present.
Mongol warriors for archery arrows used with iron-tipped, long wooden shaft and fins.
The cross section of the pen is allocated among the following groups:
GROUP I. Flat tips. Includes 5 types.
Type 1. Asymmetrically-rhombic. Includes 3 copies of Muren and Hanuur sumona. The length of the pen - 6 cm, the width of a pen - 2 cm, the petiole length - 4 cm tips with obtuse tip, sloping shoulders, focus (Figure I, 10) [15].
Type 2. Boegolovkovye. Includes 6 copies of Hovd. The length of the pen - 7 cm, the width of the pen - 1 cm, the petiole length - 4 cm tips with angled tip, a dedicated military Glowka, an elongated neck. Focusing (Fig. I, 14) [16].
Type 3. Pie. Includes 1 copy of Mongolia. The length of the pen - 5 cm, width of the pen - 2 cm, the petiole length - 4 cm tip with a rounded tip, gently sloping shoulders, focus (Figure I, 13).
Type 4. Oval-winged. Includes 2 copies of Muren and Mongolia. The length of the pen - 8 cm, width of the pen - 5 cm, the length of the petiole - 6 see tip with an oval tip, protruding wings, rounded shoulders, stop. At one point priostreno instance, in one of the hangers has a shoulder (Fig. I, 11, 12) [17].
GROUP II. Tetrahedral. Includes 1 type.
Type 1. Elongate-rhomboid. Includes two copies of Ulangomskogo museum. The length of the pen - 4,5 cm, width of the pen - 1, see Tips with angled tip, sloping shoulders, a focus (Fig. I, 1, 2) [18].
Set Mongolian Railway arrowheads belonging to the late Middle Ages, is not complete. However, the composition of late medieval arrowheads Mongolian archers quite revealing. The spectrum of group and typological diversity it largely corresponds to the most common forms of development of the medieval era terminals [19]. Changes in the composition of a set of armor and arrows nebroneboynyh occurred by reducing the number of rare, very few types of arrows.
The materials KU Kehalmi provides several types of flat iron arrowheads from bone whistle. Among them, oval-winged, pie, hexagonal, oval with a concave edge. Most rail terminals equipped with bone whistle round and oval proportions, with rounded, oval, trapezoidal openings. In addition to iron, it has accounted for seven types of bone tips, hollow inside with holes of different shapes [20]. However, these materials will not be possible to take into account in the classification, because it does not specify the location and storage location of finds, their number and size.
In addition to the tips of the museums exhibits shafts of arrows. In Ulangomskom museum displays arrows with wooden shafts, round in cross section, length - 65 cm End of the staff, under-tipped, twisted braid pasting a strip of bark, black. The length of the braided part of - 9-10 cm at the bottom of shafts mounted two-bladed tail, length - 22-23 cm lower end of the shafts of the feathers to the ear, 5 cm long, covered with snake skin (Fig. I, 1,2).
Bows and arrows were kept and worn in a leather case - case for a bow and quiver.
The Museum of Fine Arts exhibited Mongolia leather case for a bow of Khentei. Semioval case for a bow shape to contain the bow with a plastic string. Neck and the outer surface of the receiver case for a bow decorated with sculpted metal plates in the form of rosettes, swastikas. Angular plates with swirls, loops on the hinge. Case for a bow attached to a belt with the help of two hanging straps [21].
In the Mongolian Museum of Fine Arts is stored leather quiver. It is a leather case "artsy" shape with a concave mouth and the edge, semi-circular bottom. On the outer surface of the receiver on its perimeter reinforced metal plates with curly tendrils in the central part of the quiver of the crosshairs of the decorative belts, bonded in the center shestilepestkovoy socket, and at the ends of braces and linings with elongated strips and curls at the ends. Next to the plate lunate plaque. Above the crossing, along the neck are four circular patches. Below the crossing is a four-cross decorated with shaped ends and a lunate shield. Along one edge of the quiver has a strap which carries the strap to hang the quiver. Another strap is attached to the opposite edge with the Five-petalled rosettes. The third strap is attached with metal hinges to the bottom of the quiver (fig. I, 16). Quiver with straps suspended from the belt of a warrior in an inclined position. In the images of the Buryat archers quiver more often depicted on the right, and the case for a bow on the left side on the belt of horsemen and archers on foot [22]. Arrows in the quiver tips were placed inside, the outside feathers.
There is currently no definitive data on whether to apply the Mongol warriors throwing spears or darts. Such weapons were thrown from the Mongols in the era of the Middle Ages [23]. Throwing spears were used Buryatia in the late Middle Ages and the ethnographic present [24].
Melee Weapon Late Mongol warriors included swords and spears. Discoveries of such weapons in the monuments of Mongolia and Transbaikalia are very rare because they were highly valued. By the late Middle Ages can be attributed to formal features some items from museum collections.
Among the items cut-and-thrusting weapons are swords. The cross section of the blade, one group stands out.
GROUP I. Triquetrous, bipartite. There were 1 type.
Type 1. Slightly curved flake crosshair. Includes 1 copy of the neighborhoods of the cave-Tsagaan Agui in the Gobi Altai in Mongolia. Blade length 66 cm, width of the blade - 3,7-4 cm, height of handle - 13 cm Short, slightly curved, single-edged blade with two, wide and narrow dolami on both sides of the strip. Above lobed parts on both sides of the blade are hallmarks of the Running wild beast, perhaps a wolf. They are made in the technique of low bas-relief with the deepening of the background around the figure of the animal. Black arm flattened, beveled on both sides of the pommel. Under the knob in black has a round hole. The crossing plate, removable, round shape. On a narrow rectangular black clip for attaching plate handle. Helm of the plate, with a rectangular hole in the center, into which threaded end priostrenny cherena that rasklepan outside (Fig. I, 5). On the strip to save two plate-holder, are interconnected by two plate-like loops. Which were fastened to wooden sheath [25].
Judging from the shape of a blade, and the stigma of crossing tsagan aguyskaya saber-Chinese production. Close in shape but richly decorated ceremonial Chinese sword, brought at the end of the XVII century. N. Spafarija is stored in the Kremlin Armory Museum [26].
Probably like the sword could fall to the Mongolian soldiers during the war with the Manchu Qing Empire, subjecting China in the XVII century. About the use of swords by the Mongols, Dzhungars and Buryatia in the XVII century. report written sources [27].
At the armed Mongolian soldiers were daggers. The cross section of the blade, one group stands out.
GROUP I. Trihedral. There were 1 type.
Type 1. Elongate-triangular, without crossing. Includes 1 copy of the museum, the residence of Bogd Khan. Blade length - 19,5 cm, blade width - 1,5 cm, arm height - 13. Single-edged straight blade with angled tip, ornamented with clip and knob on the arm bone (Fig. I, 4) [28]. Buryat except edged daggers existed and Hellfire [29].
Mongol warriors were armed with spears, drums socketed iron points. On formal grounds among the findings of copies in museum collections are allocated tips related to the late Middle Ages. The cross section of the pen, one group stands out.
GROUP I. Rhombic. There were 1 type.
Type 1. Elongate-rhombic with circular swirls. Includes 1 copy of eastern Transbaikalia. The length of the pen -12 cm, the width of a pen - 4 cm, length of sleeve - 16 cm tip with angled tip, sloping shoulders, circular curls on both sides, a cone-shaped sleeve with a through round hole for mounting to a staff (Fig. I, 8).
Such a spear in the late Middle Ages used Yenisei Kyrgyz and Teleuts who were in the military and political dependence on Jungars.
Bows and arrows, spears and swords were the most common weapon in the Khalkha Mongols and Jungars. The sources stressed the sequence of Dzhungarian warriors arms distance and melee: a bout de people have kolmatskih luchnoy and kopeyny and saber "[30].
In addition to these major weapons Mongol warriors used in melee combat hatchets and axes, maces, arch [31].
Defensive armament of Mongolian soldiers in the late Middle Ages were quite diverse. Valuable information about the protective arms of the Mongols Late contain Russian written sources of the XVII century. and China's image. The sources emphasized that the Mongolian master gunsmiths to produce various types of weapons, including remedies. In Dzungar Khanate smiths produced a weapon in the vicinity of the lake. Texel. According to I. Sorokina, oirats made "swords, armor, armor, helmets ..." [32]. Under the laws of 1640 annually every 2 out of 40 yurts were supposed to do armor, have not fulfilled is the establishment of fines could pick up a horse or a camel [33].
I have new very interesting net finding !
When i running cros net i was jumb in Gruzians /Georgia / web about his old tradition warriors and young man groups , who training this old Georgians martial art vith swords, pick... and bow !Young man from this group have somthing like -naive wood bows ( evidently dont know how made hornbow) but this people know about extraordinery finds old bows from his country !
Interesting is that this is no archeological founds ! Like i understand /and this
problem - i dont read Georgians :lol: / two bows in fantastic condition was found in old village in mountains in old house in loft under roof !
People who lives in this old house, say that his family leve there for many houndred years , and this bows was from Mongol, epmpire era ! In this part of Georgia people says that best wariors from Svaneti people - because this is name of this tribe - was part of personal Dzingischan guard-Tumen of 70 keshkerts. This bows has 2 pics in martial art pages. Ill try contact some people from this web or Museum- but vithout any chance. Maybe if somone from Russia or Gruzia reed Atarn can say us more about this bows.
this pic is from Svaneti museum and bow looks somthing diferent ?!? Looks like modern reconstruction. But , who know ? Maybe other mountains find ? I think very interesting things.
Looks like this is a better place, than Hungary bows thema. :wink:
Bede
Lots of very old things in remarkable states of preservation have been found in Georgia. This includes leather and textiles as well as weapons.
Dusan
Georgia is mountain country.Lowest teritory there is higher than in our country biggest mountain (2494 m) :lol: . And Svanetia is special mountain territory.Specific air in this so high place made very good preserve medium for old things ! Museum where is that bows is in Mestia.
Dusan
I see Svaneti hornbows in this Georgian young guys chat.
old Georgian /Svaneti/ house .Probably in same house was bows found. This interesting "last defense " homes was maybe there when Iason come to Kolchyda ...
very similar horse gymnastic we can see in Magyars puszta , where Kumans descendents riding and training this old art.
Bede
I have a Soviet era book of folk sports that has the rules for mounted archery in the area. Though I don't have a copy, there is a photograph of a mounted archer with quiver and bow dressed like the Abkhazians and of about the same vintage.
The quiver was Turkish/Iranian in style. There are several preserved bow case and quiver sets I have seen in photographs. The tips of the bow cases have a different profile from the Persian and Turkish ones but everything else is similar.
The bow looked like a Crimean Tatar style but you could only see the kasan and tip.
Ashbow
An update on the 'Polish' bow on the page 10 of this thread, for jbl and perhaps other interested.
I didn't have a chance to have a closer look at it, but I talked the matter over with Andrzej Abratowski, he also showed me some close-up pictures of the bow.
What he told me really makes sense, according to him the bow is most probably nothing special and so far we can't really say where it was made. It has some unusual features like metal fittings on the limbs and the sewn on leather covering. Andrzej thinks them to be some sort of later addition, the leather cover is crudely sewn on and the metal fittings wouldn't really make sense if the bow were to be functional. One limb was probably broken or otherwise demaged and then the demage was crudely coverd up by someone without the proper knowledge on the matter.
As an aside a Crimean Tatar bow in an another near by museum had it's ears cut off and an attempt apparently was made to carve some sort of nocks on it's belly to brace it backwards.
Dusan
Thats very sad, but i see in museums pics from other countries same "profesional"restoration work vith metal and nail...
jbl
Thanks Ashbow that is very interesting. I am reading a book about the Kievan Rus and there was a picture of a bow found that was very similar to that bow in the Polish mueseum. I wonder if they were using that for a reference.
Ashbow
I plainly don't know. The bow, of course, could be made in Poland, or Kievan Rus. It was some academics in the past claiming that the above bow was made in Poland and moreover they claimed it to be a representative of the Polish type of the composite bow, while there is nothing to prove that there ever was any type of composite developed in Poland.
There were also some very contoroversial claims made about the bow's construction, that is to be said that the belly consisted of wood and the core of horn and the layers were not glued toghether...
Now, all that sounds very much like it's been made up, especially that there wasn't any confirmation that the bow's strange leather covering had indeed been ever taken of.
Saying all that there is always some doubt left and it would simply be intersting to see what actually is there underneath the leather cover.
I wouldn't exclude a possibility of a wooden belly, as there were similar wooden bellied bows present, in the Hamilton's book "Native American Bows" there is a picture of a laminated wooden and sinew backed bow 'coming from south of Ural' of a smilar look as the bow in the Polish museum.
In Russian archery "Tozhe forum" was interesting article about archeological found in north/west Krym kurgan-barrow- from 12-13c. /Polovets tribe/.
Warrior vith his horse and bow vith quiver and 7 arrowheads. From bow was only his handle bones and 80 cm distance -?- strange bone pieces vith dril small hole. Most questionable was bone button vith small hole. No .36
Another interesting article was from "Asocicia Gadarik " site about reconstruction old bow leather bag Midleasians tribes from 9 -10 c. steps. This bag was for good bow protection in longer transport way. Leather was mostly no survive , but bone plates vith art screemshaw was foun in many graves from Ukraina , Bulgaria to Tisza river stepp.
We can see this bags in old Chines aquarels or drawings. I think this is same bag. Nice piece.
On the pics ''with Bashkir name''- does anyone has any information in what museum it is exposed?
Second, does anyone has an idea what material is used for covering the bow (it is ''yellowish''). To me it looks like birch bark but i cannot notice that it is wrapped around.Or maybe it is painted and then lacquered.
Also, very interesting nock on one of the arrows.
Dusan
Sorry , but i cant say more about "Bashkir" bows.
Dusan
In south Tadzhikistan near Vachsh river run abut 20 years archeological work in old Olas church -Baktrian center. One of intersting things was elephant bone box vith hunting scene . City live from 400 -300 b.c. to 200c.
In 2004 was found in Tchurantchin Ulus Sacha republic -Yakutia (Kiordugen/ interesting old warrior tomb. On grave was big bone armour from 105 bone plates (45 x 155 cm) mostli from moose bones vith visible arrow penetration (!) and bow bone plates. Most interesting is that datation is very old -2500 bc. !
Its end of 19 c. pic from two Koriak (Yakut tribe )wariors vith bows .Same bows use all north tribes from Mongol steps , to Finland ,Sveden Lapons. Russians archeologists have evolution teoria how this bows vith vertical string nock changed to frontal string nock. Vith chang on siah part and efectivity too
Kviljo
The bow to the left looks like an all wood laminate. - with conifer compression wood on the belly, and usually birch on the back. The other might also be an all wood laminate, or perhaps it is a horn bow?
Almost like the three in my avatar 8)
Dusan
Yes , mostly its a same bows like Lapons in your country-cose this is same tribes like in Kamtchatka, but some of tham has hornbows too.
Zoran Pavlovic
Du?an and other friends sorry for interruption,
On Koriak bows, look this picture of bone plates found in the remains of ancient Serbian capital Ras.
Looks like Serbs before XII century used bows with ''horizontal'' nocks (maybe these ones which shot a group of Friedrich Barbarosa's crusaders during their passing by across Serbia) . Also, if early byzantine documents say that Slavs used wooden bows it doesn't mean self bows since they are recorded as good and infalliable archers.
Also, i always admired to Kviljo's replicas, it gave me some proves and ideas about my research.
Best regards,
Dusan
Ouch ! That very interestin ! I to this time dont know about any artifacts like yours out of north area .
Kviljo
Those nocks definitely have the same configuration as some two-wood bows. I haven't seen any other evidence for bone/antler plates on two-woods before.
The grip plate is a bit worrying though, as I have a hard time seeing how a bone plate could be attached to a two-wood bow. All the medieval two-woods does not have a pronounced grip, just a gentle narrowing of the limbs at the middle. The later 1900-cent. Siberian bows do have a thickened grip, but such a grip plate would still be difficult to fit to such a bow.
Keep on searching though, there ought to be some more evidence for these bows if they really were used. The belly wood, as it is compression wood, is better preserved than regular wood. Finding those would be proper evidence. The majority of the Norwegian two-woods have been found in citys, where lots of wood artefacts have been preserved. A similar site in your area would probably be a good place to look.
Zoran Pavlovic
Kviljo,
You are in doubt with the right.
The remains of bone plates indicate horn bows and not laminated two wood bows.Fragment of ear bone plate with a horizontal notch is 11.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide.Fragment of grip bone stiffener has a length of 7 cm and 2.5 cm width (holes are quite problematic), indicating at least 14-15cm long handle.Replica should prove more angled ears than usual.
All this fully agrees with the dimensions of painted Serbian bows from the 14th century which are, no doubt, horn bows. In regards to the dimensions of the bone plates, I think it's impossible to do a two wood bow of short dimensions (do mean for war bows with great poundage).
During the excavation they were found in a layer that belongs to the beginning of the thirteenth century so they confirm the use of horn bows in medieval Serbia, even in the twelfth century, and bearing in mind the surroundings such as the Byzantine Empire and specially Hungary with whom Serbia(Ra?ka) was ally during the twelfth century it is
not difficult to see where influences came from.
*I just wanted to say that i came to know about this type of notches after i saw Ivar's ''two wood'' bows replicas and it gave me the proof about possibility of reconstruction since i was in doubt for so long time if these plates were bow stiffeners.
Best regards,
jack farrell
Zoran; When grip plates were exposed as in the decorated type you show, at least the ends were rough to accept sinew and glue lashings and often one edge as well. This piece could be part of a horse bit harness piece as others of this type have been suspected to be.
About the end notched piece, maybe more is known. Did two wood bows have such ends? horn bows?
Zoran Pavlovic
jack farrell wrote:
Zoran; When grip plates were exposed as in the decorated type you show, at least the ends were rough to accept sinew and glue lashings and often one edge as well. This piece could be part of a horse bit harness piece as others of this type have been suspected to be.
Jack,
I just mentioned ''holes in the bone stiffener as quite problematic'', so your note can be usefull.
Dusan
Jack, many bone plates from this tipe of bows was found from rusian archeologs. Hornbows and two wood bos .Long period in history was this "vertical" string nock popular disain in Siberia /mongol area.
Dusan
This is very simple evolution bow string nock table from Russian literature.
7-9 c. vertical bow plates was found mostly and from 9-12c horizontal bow bone plates.
Interesting article i found in Bulgar information sait "Bulgar Ile " from Stepan Krivo?eev , About new Russian archeologist famous work.! Because its long text i use Google translator / i think its still better than mi Anglish :oops: /
Absolutli not known big battle between Batu chan mongols and Zolotorevsk town !
Penza region found the place a grand battle of the XIII century, which historical records are silent. Archaeologists claim that in its scope, it does not yield the biggest battles of the Middle Ages
In modern Penza region is the area called Zolotarevskii settlement. Back in the 60's of last century, researchers have found traces of a fortress here, which was destroyed by Mongols. But the true scale of the drama, played out on thethe banks of of the river near Surat in 1237 ,opened to historians until now.
In the Middle Ages military force was the main reason politicians, but because the border skirmishes and large-scale battles are not uncommon. But the material evidence of those years came to us not so much. Therefore, each new discovery is of great interest to scientists. Well, if it is possible to detect traces of previously unknown large-scale battles, this is already a sensation.
Restore the details of one of the biggest battles of the XIII century intends Doctor of History, Head of the Department of Ancient History, Medieval Archaeology and the Penza State Pedagogical University, Professor Gennady Belorybkin. Along with him correspondents Itogi Zolotarevskii visited the mound.
To us in the university began to receive people who are told that on the former site of the fortress are constantly digging some people. We went here and were shocked by what he saw: almost the entire territory of the settlement and the surrounding neighborhoods were torn up by the wells. Clearly the handiwork of "black diggers".
They took only the most valuable items - made of gold and silver, and all that they did not need - arrowheads, remains of a harness, armor - they were piled near the stumps. When we walked through those stumps, we found the whole mountain without vending "black archeology" items. And when calculated how much we do, "hemp" iron lumped, it turned out - a few thousand items. And the wreckage was scattered over an area of about 7.6 hectares.
This summer, during the excavation revealed that among the finds is dominated by details of the weapons: arrowheads, remains of saber weapons, ornaments and fragments of the warriors of a harness. And besides, it was found just a huge number of human skeletons. Were found with the bones sticking out of their arrowheads, chopped skull, and the fortress wall, even unearthed the remains of a warrior, a contraction in the hand mace. All this pointed to the fact that Zolotarevskii settlement is precisely the place of battle, rather than burial. Prior researchers have discovered a huge field of battle, in which only some arrowheads have been found more than a thousand! "To you has been more understandable scale battles - said Gennady Belorybkin - is such an example.
This area is in the beginning of the XIII century, was part of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. So, across the Volga Bulgaria typed, perhaps hundreds of tips found in many years of archaeological research. And here in one place to more than a thousand! On a battlefield, and we found a huge number of fragments of swords - the main weapon of the time. This amount of detail saber weapons even in the whole of ancient Russia, probably does not reach. "
Having collected all the findings, Gennady Belorybkin went with them to Moscow and St. Petersburg to Russia's leading historians and experts on ancient weapons. Everyone who saw what he brought back, nearly fell off their chairs in amazement and could not believe my eyes.
Meanwhile, scientists were to attempt to more accurately determine when it is unknown what happened slaughter. "At the beginning of XIII century, there are two major historical battles - said Professor Belorybkin. - First - a battle in 1223 on the river Kalka when Subedey Jebe and led the Mongol army defeated the Russian. Some historical records say that after this slaughter Mongols relaxed their troops were ambushed by the Volga Bulgars, and were defeated. Many historians believe that it happened in Zolotarivka.
Second-known major battle occurred in 1237 when the defeated Batu first Volga Bulgaria, and then moved to Russia and attacked Ryazan grabbed her and then walked across the north-eastern Russia. But before we go to Russia, Mongol Khan stood the whole autumn between Ryazan and the Volga. "
That's where the fun begins. According to the historian in the ancient chronicles have written a very important reference to the fact that Batu Khan and his army stood for a few months on the river or near the city Nuzle Onuza. Not far away is the historic monument, the so-called Neklyudovskoe fort on the river Uze. Uza and Onuza transcription are very close and we can assume that in this place, and stood with his army of Batu Khan. Incidentally, when archaeologists unearthed Neklyudovskoe mound, they found many things indicating a stay of the Mongols.
It is not excluded that, being in the area, Khan attempted to seize and destroy all the nearby settlements and fortresses. For example, a Persian scholar of encyclopedic Rashidaddin there is mention of the fact that Batu Khan was just at this time engaged in war with the tribes and Burtases moksha. It was during this period, lived here and Moksha, and Burtases, and Bulgars. Therefore, as suggested by Professor Belorybkin, seems the most plausible version of that battle took place in 1237.
One from Zolotarivka warriors vith arrowpoint still in head...
When scientists began to understand who fought on the battlefield, it became clear that here was not simply a battle between the Mongols and Burtases here, without exaggeration, was a battle of nations. By the Mongols took part in it mainly Turkic tribes, and by the defenders - the Bulgars, Burtases Mordvins, Russian, kypchaki and, quite unexpectedly, Askiz, who lived at that time in the Altai, that is nearly 3000 kilometers. They formed the backbone of the military unit that protected the fort. Askiz can be compared with the Vikings. But if the Vikings have acted in the Dnipro basin and in the northern lands, the Askiz - in the Volga-Urals region.
According to Gennady Belorybkin, this battle was not accidental: "At first we thought that the Mongols were on the road, got in their way fort, they took and smashed all. However, this hardly seemed so. The fact that a settlement was held Zolotarevskii a major trade route from the capital of Volga Bulgaria in the capital of Kievan Rus. Refreshment obscured ferry across the River Suru, around it was simply impossible. You could say it was a key outpost. Therefore, in any event, he had only to take by storm. "
Apparently aware of the impending danger, the defenders of the settlement were actively preparing for battle. They pre-dug around the walls in a staggered manner so-called wolf pits and promptly inserted there "garlic" (metal spikes). Horses, getting into such wells, received serious injuries. Cavalry to get directly to the castle was virtually impossible. These holes were intended also to the attackers could not roll down the walls of the settlement the collision technique and catapults. "Incidentally, these well preserved centuries later.
To the complete destruction
Tousands found material is in boxes in Penza pedagogic university :
According to Gennady Belorybkina, the course of events was so. Likely Batu attacked the fortress of the night. Surrounded the fort from all sides, the Mongols invited the defenders to surrender and open the gate. However, was rejected. Then Batu attacked fort. Mongolians often used in an attack tactic, called a "round dance". The cavalry surrounded the fortress and began to bombard the defenders of the bows. As a rule, medieval battle - this collision of short-term. Armour soldiers weighed about 50 kilograms, and for a long fight in them was simply physically impossible. Mongols because of their numerical superiority could ever replace the tired soldiers.
Plano Carpini, a Franciscan monk, was sent in 1246 by Pope Innocent IV to mongolotataram, describes the tactics of siege fortifications of the Mongols: "If you meet such a fortress, they surround her, nay, sometimes they are so shield her that no one can enter or exit , while they are very brave fight guns and arrows, and even for one day or at night can not stop the battle, so that the funds to strengthen not have leisure; themselves Tatars rest, as they share the army and replaced by one another in battle, so that they are not very tired. And if they can not master the strengthening in this way, throw it wildfire, not only do they usually take the fat people who get killed, and poured it into the melted form at home, and wherever the fire reaches the this fat, it burns unquenchable ... " Apparently, it was so and Zolotarevskii fort.
Supposed to defend the fortress for a long time. Digging a trench, the scientists ran into a barn, scored grain. Oats alone was found 20 bags. But the forces in this battle was too unequal. On the side of the defenders of the settlement were fighting about a thousand men, he resisted for about five thousand soldiers of Batu Khan.
"Most likely slaughter lasted about two days and were killed on the battlefield, the bulk of the defenders - said Professor Belorybkin. - In the end, with Baty Chinese catapults still break through the wall of the fortress and entered the fort. He ordered his soldiers to kill everyone survivors and loot and burn down the fort. Apparently, women and children were herded into a barn, shut up and burned. In one of the stores of grain, we found a mountain of human remains. " Such "action" Mongolians are generally arranged only if the population to resist. Cities, who surrendered without a fight, especially the Mongols were not touched. From this we can conclude that the residents Zolotarevskii settlement offered stubborn resistance, and therefore were completely destroyed. Large quantities of arms and bodies were left lying retracted on the battlefield. This can only be explained by the fact that the surrounding area were also devastated by the Mongol army, and there was no one to bury the dead defenders.
Studies Zolotarevskii slaughter must be continued, since this historic event still carries a lot of mysteries. And, perhaps chief among them - who directs the actions of the defenders? And why no record of not bringing this to our knowledge of this great battle?
Interesting Tiger bronze belt buckle. This tiger simbol can own in belt only Dzingischan descendent.(say russian historician)
Dusan; The Bulgarian story was very enjoyable. Most likely there are hundreds or more of such destroyed sites. It was the great speciality of the Mongols. Interesting how similar Mongol points were from far apart places.
From where are these latest Skit points from?
Dusan
Sorry , but i dont know. Its was like ilustrated pic. in text about Skitas arrowheads but vithaut details . What i can say is- mostly Ukraina because text was from Ukraina sait.
If i can i write about source and region where are archeological things found.
Dusan
Well known "Novgorod" bow or" Russian Slavs" bow (mostli known only from pensil draws)pics. No 1. is part of children bow and others was 2 fragment from wood /sinew komposite bow from birch + juniper glued plates vith sinew layers + birch bark cover.
One part was 79,5cm long /only bending part/ , second part was shorter. Probably 190 cm long bow vith to this days visible reflex (800 years !) was from 12 cen.
In another place in Novgorod was found bow bone plates and fismans stone .In stone was interesting engraved archer vith komposite bow(!).In other site was grif.Same 12.cen.
In Siano Altai region was to this days not open tousands of old Turcic tribes barrow "kurgans" from 6-10 cen.. In several of them lie old warriors vith his weapons and horses.
What is interesting for us- vith bows and arrows.
Tora Tal Arty barrow in Tuva region . Two warriors vith horses was fired vith his weapons. Bow handle part vith half of bending part was well preserved. Bone plates, and bronze parts of "koltchan" quiver.
The Novgorod bow is very interesting. I am not quite sure that it was backed with sinew as Medvedev (1966) states. It might just as well be that the back laminate has deteriorated more than the belly and therefore left a space between the birch covering and the back. Almost none of the older two-wood bows have preserved backs - only this one, and one from Oslo, Norway. The bellys are usually very well preserved due to them having been made of compression wood.
JJ
Dusan, thanks for the fascinating account on the siege location. Like a window into the past...
Concerning the plates of artefacts it is a shame that drawings are nearly always of extremely bad quality in Russian archaeologoical reviews.
On this (better) one there are parts of a nice Mongolian type quiver. The carved wooden eyelet piece reminds me of the Yuan quiver Stephen posted.
JJ
Dusan
Thank you JJ.Time to time i hunting in Russians sites. I thing all what we need was in history.
Dusan
I find interesting text about one of old turcic bone plates pic from page 17. Its very interesting information abou old turcic bows from 2-3 bc. not only side bone plates but frontal too ! (google transl.)
In the middle of I millennium AD. er. in southern Siberia there are bows with front, ie, mounted on the outside kibiti, end-plates. These pads with a total length of 30 cm recorded at yakonurskom onions from the Altai Mountains, but here they are combined with two lateral end plates with notches for the string.
Long plate, curved to form the shoulder, fastened in the same way between the median side and front end plates. The total length of bone plates on the outside of the bow is about 70 cm length Sredin ? GOVERNMENTAL plates 20 cm If we assume that the length of the bows Turkic time on average was equal to 120-130 cm, the wooden bending part without pads on uzuntalsk regions not exceed 30-40 cm over its entire length. The effectiveness of shooting this bow was achieved, apparently, does not decrease the total number of bone plates, which is typical for bows Turkic time compared with the Hun, and carried forward
Niemi end caps on the side to the front. To increase the flexibility needed for shooting bending part, its outer side further enhanced by more than half of bone plates. The effectiveness of shooting a bow uzuntalsk ensured, thus contrasting elastic force of the middle part of arm, rigidly large lateral plates, and its first segment, the reinforced flexible linings.
About Sogdians archery 7-8 c. (from V.I. Raspopova work)
/google trans./
Bow and arrows - the only ranged weapons, which can be judged based on early medieval Sogdian. In recent years there have been special studies of this type of weapon [158, 159; 263]. The development of the bow and arrows on the Siberian material in the early medieval traced AA Gavrilova [71]. LR Kyzlasov showed links between the Central and Sogdians bows and arrows [142, 72-77].
In Panjakent found bone medial side linings from the composite Bow. All linings trapezoid, with a cut to the back plates on the narrow side (Fig. 42, 2-6). Dimensions: length 15 and 20.5 cm, width 1.6 and 1.8 cm [32, Fig. 42, 2]. On the inner side of the mortise lines are crossed for better grip when gluing. The most accurate analogy in such overlays, as noted by LR Kyzlasov, are in the graves of Tuva VIII-IX centuries. and Bashknrii IX-X centuries. By the VIII century., As shown by AA Gavrilova on materials Siberia [71, 87-88], IV Sinitsyn, and EK Maximov on material Volga region [224, 108, 165, 72-74], emerging type of bow with only median strip. In the image at the bows Penjikent painting are clearly visible trapezoidal median lining and lamination of laminated composite bow (Fig. 42, 1, 43). Judging by the images, the length of the bow was 1.20-1.40 m (when flat).
History of Central Asian bows covered in the papers AM Khazanov A BA Litvinskaya. Here we dwell only on the properties of early medieval tactical bow, to which sufficient attention is not paid.
Sogdian soldiers always wore a bow case for a bow in a deflated state. This way of wearing a bow witnessed graphic material from the VI
(65/66)
Typically, researchers have noted the advantages of large bows early Middle Ages in comparison
(67/68)
compared with the small Scythian bow. Certainly, a large bow growing bowshot and break the power of shots. However, wearing a bow in a deflated form indicates a certain decrease in the reliability of bow - they were afraid that the bow will lose elasticity. In taut as it was only during shooting. Only to the VIII-X centuries. is the appearance of the bows, which was safe to wear in burn taut form [324, PI. 2, 47, 48]. Apparently, then, that in the case for a bow worn by two bows, also associated with low reliability of each of them. Wearing a bow when flat, even in battle, as seen in Penjikent paintings, making the transition from martial arts to small and thus have an impact on battle tactics.
For a long time Russian archaeologists studying at Sayano Altai called Andronievsk Karasukskaya culture. Nearby graves are found on rocks these drawings.
About the assesment of Sogdian bows by the Russian archaeologist. The bows ARE shown unstrung in long bow cases on the archers left side. The bows are shown two to a case. I posted pictures of these murals three years ago when I went to Penjikent, in Tajikistan.
But especially after seeing the two Miran bows in Korea, I am more convinced that, like the two Miran bows which appear to have been made by the same person, two bows of two different draw weights were carried at the same time. The bows were unstrung because of their low reflex were probably easily strung on horseback.
There are methods for stringing even more difficult bows in this way.
In my opinion, the Miran bows are of even greater draw weight than the Mongol bows right next to them (at the time of viewing). The Miran bows are of Hunnic type which preceded Mongol bows, in this case by about 500 years.
Sogdian bows are of Hunnic styling and should be similar to the Miran bows or others from Xinjiang of the same era.
Bede
There are historical records of two bows being carried of different draw weights. Unfortunately, they are often observations of non-archers and rarely have any more detail. Arabic manuals have several methods of string bows on horseback which would be suitable for opened out non-contact siyah bows, but would have been very difficult for bows with recurved tips. Another technique for bracing a bow while running by striking one tip on the ground would only work with a straight ended bow.
In the hundreds of methods that are described for bracing bows, many would only work with older style bows suggesting they have been handed down from earlier authorities.
Adam Karpowicz
I do not see two bows in the case?
Dusan:
Re the Obra warrior 500 b.c.e. The two siyahs on the left seem to belong to the curved Scythan bow (and quite large). There must be horn reinforcments hiding inside the tips. The piece on the left seems to have a V-splice at the end? The other bone sections on the right belong to a straight-ended, non-contact bow.
Are all parts really from the same grave? That would be interesting.
Adam
Dusan
I can say only what i read :lol: Yes these things was from same grave. Russians archeologists dont call this old culturs "Skitas" or "Sakas" but give him territorial names- where the culture graves was found. There was bigger article -how changed siahs his curvature . If you interesting i can found him.
Dusan
Well , Adam i must corect information. I found article and there is clear , that diferent parts of bows was not from same grave ! Here is all article :
Bow and arrow, the middle of the II millennium
Bow and arrow for the peoples of Siberia: Introduction
The gradual disappearance of the bony plates
"notes another from the Hun period of decline in the number of bone lining boldly traced to the West Siberian materials. Starting from VII-VIII cc., according to AA Gavrilova, the most widely used bows with only two median strip. They existed before the IX-X cc. Lateral same end-plates were used in Western Siberia to the first centuries of the second millennium. The latest findings come from their burial Sedov Zaimka the Novosibirsk Ob XI-XIII centuries. and settlements Preobrazhenka-4 XIV-XV centuries (see fig.. 3 2, 3). By this time the types of bows 4.1 gradually disappear, replaced by patterns appear Mongolian type (with median vesloobraznymi overlays), along with distributed and large arrowheads, original forms
Tselnoderevyannaya designs were, apparently, the leading form of archery in Western Siberia during the Middle Ages. This, most likely due to the imbalance observed between the total number of burials with arrowheads, quivers in their tracks and the remnants of a bow, fixed in the form of linings
Fig. 3. Reinforcing details of bows.
1 - mortise wooden end (Vengerovo-VII); 2, 3 - end plates; 4,5 - front lining.
Existence tselnoderevyannaya bow
Tselnoderevyannaya bows without bony plates (perhaps due to the increasing sharpness of climate change in 14. or in connection with the withering away of tehonologicheski unnecessary forms) is in Western Siberia, the leading form of the middle of the II millennium before the time of the ethnographic present. Hantnyysky epic told tselnoderevyannaya description of such a complex bow.
"Cream-left bow is made of wood Kremleva. It is made of one entire half upland pine. Birch bow is made of birch wood. It is made of one entire half Doubravna pine. Bow, equipped with birch bark, is made (by) bark, stripped to the oak. Five of entire groves of birches were quite spent (on it). Glue the bow is glued (sob.: done) (with fish glue), glue was consume (in this case) from five sturgeon. Five boilers fish glue as a whole (it) has gone ... "
This description is identical to the ones that were made by ethnographers at the end of the past - the beginning of this century. According to the latest kibit bow is made of two planks: the bottom - of tonkostvolnoy pine or spruce, the top - from birch. Particular attention was paid to the choice of pine: Use only tree that grew in the woods or the slope of the gully, facing south. Choosing a tree, constantly facing the sun. The wood (krenevaya or Kremleva) was largely impregnated with resin and have high strength. The ends of the bow were made of cherry. Details are carefully customized to each other. At a special Gibalov Kremleva of calcined and promazyvali pitch up until it did not acquire the desired shape. Then the bow finally mounted and glued. Sometimes, thickening in the middle of the bottom side made of bird-cherry dice. After assembling the bow paste with birch bark. To this end, selected only thin layers of inner bark, which boil and fastened in the wet. The length of the bowstring, which Vili of nettle or hemp tow, was at 25-30 cm shorter than the bow. Sometimes it is prepared from tendons. Bowstring polished, extending through the holes in the tree, and made at the ends of ears. Finished bowstring sometimes glued over with birch bark. "
"These bows consisted of two wooden (from different species) to be thoroughly treated and-fitting plates. Maximum of width in the shoulders as high as 4 cm length kibiti ranged from 120-145 cm in the upper die section is a strongly flattened segment, the lower - slightly more convex shape. Among themselves they fastened flat sides so that the bow arm in the plan represented the ellipse. In the central part of the bow flat-out in longitudinal section, but expanded in the cross, recalling from the back of an elongated figure eight. In some cases, the central part of the reinforcement was fixed wooden extension (overlay). The ends of bows were cut from separate pieces of wood and inserted into the spine between the upper and lower components. Apparently, they were mounted at an angle to kibiti. But not quite satisfactory safety and deformation in the ground does not reliably address this question. For the same reason, difficult to talk about the form of cutout stringer. Tree for kibiti adjusted so that its growth rings meet the rounded external profile vystrugivaemoy bars. After the final assembly of finished bow paste with long strips of bark. Butt seam fell on the side facing the bowstring .
Feature one of the bows found in the burial Abramov-10 - metal bracket, anisette covering the upper part of the handle. One of its ends goes in the direction (perpendicular to the longitudinal axis) and then curled up. Obviously, hook served as a guide for the boom.
Luke described construction is well known from the ethnographic material. According to YB Simchenko they relate to the type of West Siberian taiga bands, which differed from each other (with the ends inserted into the slot on both sides of (Simchenko YB Culture deer hunters in North Asia. - M., 1976 .- S. 133.)) pasting curved ends between the bars kibiti.
See also the manufacturer of archery (1, 2).
In the late medieval burial Kyshtovka-2 (16-18 cc.), Despite a very respectable series of arrowheads, none of the 140 excavated mounds were found bony plates. Of great interest is finding (pogr. 1, Kurg. 134) tselnoderevyannaya bows, which, combined with similar materials and approximately synchronized repositories Abramov-10 (16-17 cent.) And Molchanov (16-17 cc.) On the Ob River (in the latter also found no bony plates) gives a visual representation of the construction of this kind.
"In this regard, revealing finding DG Savinov and VN Polosmak of Sargatskoe repository Vengerovo-7. It is well preserved only mortise end of a bow (Fig. 3. 1), but it was he who, showing a genetic link with the later and ethnographic samples can say with certainty when tselnoderevyannaya glued bows of West Siberian type long before the Turkic, Mongolian and the more time and the coexistence of them with models of "Hun-type during the most recent spread to North Asian expanse.
Range
At the moment, the approximate range of the medieval Siberian bow calculated theoretically.
"What possessed the same parameters ancient bows and how far to shoot the medieval archers? Accurate data on this point we do not have. Oral tradition as a reliable information to us squealed. Inherent heroic epic exaggeration is not conducive to the establishment of objective truth. To solve the problem were examined Abramovsky bows: their parameters based on elasticity theory was an attempt to address in general terms the potential of their range. taken as a basis the most common and fundamentally solvable case of whole-wood construction. According to the calculated data, depending on the initial values bowshot fluctuated within 140-230 m. In practice the data obtained are approximate, estimate. Actual results could fluctuate on either side, but probably not much. " Other data: "As pointed out by AF Medvedev, European and Oriental archers shooting distance, beyond which direct hit is impossible, - 300 cubits, ie, 154-156 m. APOkladnikov, citing facts about range of a North American bows, pointed out that they inflicted serious wounds when fired at a distance of 80-100 meters in closed forest area actually possible range of direct shots should fluctuate within this range, however, it could be lower.
This, however, does not mean that the taiga residents did not seek to increase the power of the bow. According to folklore materials is known about the mighty bows, pull unable and several others. Praise the heroes who can defeat the enemy an arrow through the trees, broken stone, demolished a pillar, and the wind raised by the bowstring, to sweep away a whole bunch of rich debris mound. On the power of the bows can be judged by ethnographic information about the lethal force of arms. According to the L. Schrenk, gilyaki to bear festival "at close range one arrow on the spot razili bear. " Not inferior to them and the West-Siberian archers, who are "still UBO tricks and children of their studies and to adjust to mladye claws fired from a bow ... And this is the trickiest in his handiwork known, Thou everyone in his mladosti studied bow himself out of wood and arrows himself to do and naikrepchayshih Zverev: bear, moose, deer kill "
Methods of firing
On the basis of fragmentary data folklor AI Soloviev identified two ways of archery.
First:
arms held in front of him, stretched the bowstring to his breast;
Two:
bow raised high, and stretched the bowstring to his ear.
"Only the latter method, obviously, it was possible to pull an arrow on the entire length of the shaft and three-quarter chetyrehchetvertnogo tip. In the tradition of these methods are contrasted: The first shot Nenets, the second - the Khanty, but obviously, they differ by the nature of sight, depending on the distance.
Peoples of Siberia has been known several methods of targeting, for example, Ob-Ugric peoples practiced aiming at the target through tail and tip of the optical axis defined by two points. This method is very true, gives good results, and he preferred. However, from a military point of view, the best is the one for which guidance is produced when the arm is stretched to 2 / 3 of its length. Followed by a tension to the extreme and rapid descent. This greatly saves time, allows you to deceive the enemy, less tired eyes. In addition, it allows you to successfully shoot "with the leash at a moving target. In this case, the ancient archers have achieved good results. According to the testimony of Mr. Novitsky Ostyaks "all birds, not just floating on the water, but flying through the air, in the flying arrows improves,".
Shooting in the woods close range on the fast disappearing in the bush production required high skill, clarity and coherence, precision and endurance, ie, qualities that are equally necessary hunter and warrior. Obviously, as a result of training was achieved and the high rate of fire. Quite remarkable in this sense is the message R. Maak, who was a witness, as some Tungus took two arrows with blunt tips, one of them let up, and while she was flying, grabbed the other and knocked her falling. "Of the 10 shots he actually hit the target from 7 to 8 times. Of course, for such a successful firing is necessary to consider the power of your bow, the distance to the target, limiting flight-shot, etc. In the battle proper analysis of this sum rapidly changing factors have become even more important. Ancient archers knew the properties of their bows and their range, which varied in total weight, probably, not very wide limits. The proof of this is mentioned several times in a heroic epic of the measure "a distance flight of arrows." To it, however, in addition to the elastic kibiti affects a number of factors: the thickness of the stringer, the nature of tail reach, its deflection and vibration, as well as the form of tips. "
Bowstring
Khanty epic tells us about the stuff stringer:
"Kremleva bow made of wood ... Kremleva Tetivny bow equipped (sob.: done) on a string. For it was entirely spent five piles tyaparskoy nettle, stripped on the spot where he stood tyaparsky house. On another strand of golden silk five point piles were completely spent "(Patkanov S. Die Irtysch-Ostjaken und inre Volkspoesie .- Spb, 1900 .- T. 2 .- S. 83).
Apparently, a silk bow-string was designed for the professional military, but not for ordinary hunters.
Other researchers also say about hemp or sinew bowstring in Siberia: "The length of the bowstring, which Vili of nettle or hemp tow, was at 25-30 cm shorter than the bow. Sometimes it is prepared from tendons. bowstring polished, extending through the holes in the tree, and did at the ends of ears. Ready bowstring sometimes glued over bark (Dmitriev-Gy Gardeners. ... Look Vakh Ostyaks S. 7-8: Cited. SVDKN on. "
"The finished bow wore a removable string. In the Chukchi, Evenki, Yakut bowstring was made from rawhide straps, the Ainu - bast. Khanty have it twist the two strands of hemp or nettle tow, soaked, stretched by winding on wooden sticks, dried, re-soaked in hot glue, stretched and dried, then hang with birch bark. The peoples of the Amur were used for bowstrings purchase silk threads. There are several ways to mount the bowstring: the Ainu, Nanai, it tied through the holes on the ends of the shaft, in Mansi superimposed on the longitudinal or cross-cutting on flagstaff, Aleuts, Chukchi, Koryak hang a noose on the beveled ends of the shaft, the Nivkh, Chuvans, Yakut, Khanty, Nenets, Komi-Zyryans was attached to the spec. chashkoobraznoy form on a pole "(FE).
Dusan
Here is links -direct to these Bronze tribs culturs Adam
for these people who can read russian or tranlate - very interesting site vith global Siberia old culturs information .
Adam Karpowicz
Thanks a lot Dusan. They do not mention the dating of the Vengerovo bow, but it can be a later "Tatar" kind with odd looking tips. I will look at the links.
old turks bow bone plates -probably 130 cm bow, 25 + 27 cm siahs.
jack farrell
Adam and all; Not only do these siyahs appear to be v-grooved but the archaeologists are aware that these precede any others known. The joinery looks to be a horizontal splice rather than vertical as would be expected.
Am I correct to understand that the discussion is about two wood bows, that these two siyahs would be mounted on a D type bow? Elliptical, as the discussion indicates?
As a side note, it is interesting how a well established and complicated Scythian style comes crashing down and is directly replaced by another complicated and yet very dissimilar Hunnic type without some transition.
Adam Karpowicz
Jack, in my understanding, the authors never mention horn at all. Actually they say the all wood laminated construction with no bone plates, was the older design, preceding later Middle Age bows with bone plates (as illustrated). They do not say if the later bows had horn or not (we can probably assume most had). They seem to relate the two curved siyahs on the picture to later bows, presumably Tatar etc.
I see a vertical V-splice in the lower siyah and a limb oval on cross-section. The upper was probably cut when disassembled.
Maybe Dusan will chime in. What is the orig. Russian link to this article?
Article talked about wood bow evolution.Titul is " Bow and arrow, the middle of the II millennium".
jack farrell
"These bows consisted of two wooden (from different species) to be thoroughly treated and-fitting plates. Maximum of width in the shoulders as high as 4 cm length kibiti ranged from 120-145 cm in the upper die section is a strongly flattened segment, the lower - slightly more convex shape. Among themselves they fastened flat sides so that the bow arm in the plan represented the ellipse. In the central part of the bow flat-out in longitudinal section, but expanded in the cross, recalling from the back of an elongated figure eight. In some cases, the central part of the reinforcement was fixed wooden extension (overlay). The ends of bows were cut from separate pieces of wood and inserted into the spine between the upper and lower components.
Dusan
only for understanding- word "Kibiti"- Kibit - mean somthing like "siah"- or recurve tip...
Dusan
If you clearly see Jack, in links -novosibdom- about old Siberia culturs , that there is another founds looks like you say aboot part joined- For ex. : Old Andronievs culture 1800 bc . bow
Dusan; This is absolutely brilliant. I have this Tagarsk illustration from a Russian book but forgot about it, and from not so long ago. Although it is possible the Tagarsk Scythian bow has a traditional horn and wood construction, it is also possible that it is a two wood construction with a laid in separate siyah and maybe an overlaid grip riser according to the text.
This would be a very exciting possibility indeed.
Either way it does appear to be a horizonal V-scarf predecessor to the V-groove. (There would not be a groove. Somehow in translating the Russian it states that the siyah piece ends in a mortise which would be a type of hole but actually ends in the male part, a tenon)
Ashbow
Thank you Dusan!
Dusan
Dzienkujem. S zadovoleniem. :lol:
Kviljo
This thread is brilliant.
What indicates that the scythian tip could belong to a two-wood construction? I have a hard time seeing how a compression-strong lath of wood could be bent into the sharp deflex curves while still keeping it's elasticity. It could be done, but is sure makes more sense together with horn and sinew - if the goal was an efficient bow.
Adam Karpowicz
To continue on the two curved siyahs: in the first link by Dusan, there is a drawing of these siyahs with an explanation there were horn overlays on the belly side (as in some of the Xinjiang bows). These curved ends, never mind the method of attachmet to the limbs, are quite long and I would not be surprised they belong to hornbows (the rest of the bow did not survive). I think we should look into the original articles before forming an opinion.
Рис. 91. Этот лук скифского типа ассиметричен. Длина 86,2 см. Пропорции ?рогов? 1:1,2. Его круто загнутые концы имеют такое же устройство, как у фрагмента лука из курганов саргатской культуры близ пос. Венгерово. Находка в Yarhu (Турфан). Автономный р-н Внутренняя Монголия в Северном Китае. - this is about the drawing of two bows on the same picture - which is from Xinjang (Turfan).
Adam
redhawk
The olon kurin gol Scythian bow finding is a wooden type of Scythian bow, it is not a two- wood lam, but a bow finally made of 12- 14 slats of woods. A look at the cross- section of the sharp recurved tips is telling us the tips have been made of 2 slats of wood, enforced by a horn- plate at the belly.
These horn- plates have been excavated, there is not any proof of longer horn- plates or slats, so these bows are definitely multi- wood lams. The horn- plates have been grooved for to serve as a string- guide as well.
Michael
Adam Karpowicz
Michael, unless you have different information, according to a picture of the Olon Kurin bow I got from Erhardt, the tips were not spliced in as in this one (Tagarsk/Vengerovo) and were not nearly as curved and as long. The Olon Kurin looked more like on the other picture (Old Andronievs culture acc. to Dusan), which was much older that Tagarsk.
Adam
jack farrell
In one of Dusan's links about Pazarak; "The bows of the Altai model were cemented of four layers of tree. For the best cohesion the places of gluing were covered with slanting incisions. Then finished article was wound by tendons and pasted over by white part of birch bark."
We have seen this tapered scarf joinery in the Yanghai bows as well as sinew wrapping and birch bark covering.
It would seem natural that some Scythian type bows would have been made without horn. That the convoluted shape would appear unsuited for a two wood bow would not be a good argument as the bow shape is not well suited for other materials as well.
I can accept this explanation for some type of Scythian bows, and Michael's earlier Olin Kurin bow as being authentic. Since all these bows are found in grave contexts, we still do not know if any were grave goods only.
The beauty of the Yanghai bows is that they were from common graves rather than Royal burials and contain common grave goods.
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